Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay Civil wars in todays modern world have become increasingly described as new wars ever since the end of the Cold War era due to a perceived change in the format of warfare and the emergence of war economies as central to internal skirmishes. Some scholars argue this evolution in warfare and intrastate conflict requires adjustments and changes to the post conflict reconstruction process due to new challenges new wars creates in comparison to the old wars of the past. This essay argues that there is in fact little evolution in warfare since the end of the Cold War and in fact many of the characteristics of the so-called new wars are in fact present in conflicts in the past. It is for this reason that new wars do not pose more difficult challenges any more than the already complicated problems associated with post conflict reconstruction; although some changes are necessary to adjust the course of development, it is in fact the growth and advancement of media and the communications secto rs that have led to an increased focus on civil wars that has pushed them into the public arena and granted them a new status. The first part of this essay will analyse the new wars thesis posited by Kaldor and outline the characteristics attributed to new wars; this will be followed by the convincing criticisms by many academics that argue new wars are not in fact new and assists the final section of the essay that discusses the post conflict reconstruction process and argues contemporary conflict does not post a more difficult challenge to the post conflict reconstruction process anymore than old wars do. The concept of new wars was first written about in detail by Mary Kaldor at the end of the 1990s, as she attempted to define the characteristics of low-intensity conflicts and distinguish them from traditional state versus state conflicts of the past. Kaldor argues that towards the end of the 20th Century, in particular in the post-Cold War order, a new form of organized violence has emerged, with blurred distinctions between war, organized crime and large-scale human rights violations (2006, pp.1-2). This thesis has gained considerable academic support as scholars notice the trend in the decrease of interstate wars and the increase in violence within states (Holsti, 1996, p.40). New wars are characterised as criminal, depoliticized, private and even predatory in their nature, whilst the old wars of the past were ideological, political and noble (Kalyvas, 2006, p.100). Kaldor thus believes there has been a progression in the nature of warfare and conflict since the Cold War as intern al conflicts become the norm and interstate battles become far less common. Kaldor argues that New wars can be contrasted with earlier wars in terms of their goals, the methods of warfare and how they are financed (2006, p.7); these differences will be outlined in the following section to explain the new features of new wars. The goals of new wars are based on identity politics, especially ethnic identity, rather than ideological differences or geo-political ambitions, and often occur due to the erosion of state autonomy and state failure (Kaldor, 2006, pp.5-7). Groups will claim control of the state or certain areas of the state in the name of ethnicity, religion or tribe (Kaldor, 2005, p.212). The Bosnian conflict during the 1990s is often depicted as the archetypal example of a new war as it displays this identity conflict clearly (Kaldor, 2006, p.33). Due to its ethnic diversity of Muslims, Serbs and Croats (as well as several other ethnic identities), it was no surprise that conflict arose between the groupings as the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats set about ethnic cleansing in an attempt to establish ethnically homogenous territories (Kaldor, 2006, pp.34-5). Furthermore, the attrition of state power means the monopoly over violence is severely limited, which leads to widespread skirmishes and conf licts as groups compete to fill the vacuum created through state collapse (Newman, 2004, p.175). The warring parties in the Bosnian war described themselves as states and made use of the former state apparatus in order to finance, resource and run their campaigns (Kaldor, 2005, p.214). Globalisation has resulted in a cleavage between rich and poor that results in conflict and structural violence (Berdal, 2003, p.479) and also a cleavage between cosmopolitanism and the politics of particularist identities (Kaldor, 2006, p.7). There is a growing them and us divide as identity politics play a more dominant role in how individuals see themselves to each other. This of course increases the inevitability and the probability of conflict among groups of differing identities The form of combat has also changed as guerrilla and counter-insurgency tactics become the norm (Kaldor, 2006, p.8), as the nature of conflict adapts a distinctively politically chaotic and military atrocious character (Snow, 1996, p.105). In the past, guerrilla warfare has aimed to capture hearts and minds of civilians and the population; however, the new warfare uses counterinsurgency methods of destabilisation, aiming to create fear and hatred amongst civilians instead, using this to gain support or at least prevent citizens from disobeying orders (Kalyvas, 2001, p.109). New wars appear to lack military order or discipline (Angstrom, 2005, p.8) which often leads to extreme violence and barbarism, directed in particular at civilians as a deliberate strategy (Mello, 2010, p.299). This strategy of civilian targeting rests in the aim to control populations, inducing destabilization and terror in an attempt to remove those of a different identity through violent and barbaric killings a s well as techniques of intimidation (Kaldor, 2006, p.9). The genocide in Rwanda or the random atrocities committed against civilians in Sarajevo highlight this dark side of new war (Snow, 1996, p.105), and in situations such as Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia, the military objective was the systematic murder and terrorizing of civilian populations (Snow, 1996, p.ix). Civilian casualties and forced displacement has increased in proportion to all causalities in conflict since the 1990s, highlighting this deliberative civilian targeting, further assisted by a blurring of boundaries between civilians and combatants as public authority breaks down as part of state failure (Newman, 2004, p.175). The final feature that distinguishes new wars from old wars is the form of financing that occurs; war economies of the past focused on using resources to defeat the enemy (Broodryk, 2010, p.11), whilst the new wars utilise looting, criminal networks, diasporic support and taxation of humanitarian aid to provide resources for their conflict (Kaldor, 2005, p.216). The simplest form of financing the war effort is through looting, robbery, extortion and hostage-taking and is seen in a number of contemporary wars (Kaldor, 2006, p.108). However, some war economies utilise networks of legal and illegal trade, arms and drug trafficking, corrupt governments and supportive diasporas that influence the outbreak and perpetuation of violent conflicts (Mello, 2010, p.300). The new war economies involve the fragmentation of the state as it cannot monopolise production and employment in order to fund their war cause (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Resources are instead traded outside of the country to private companies lacking any interest in the conflict, only aiming to profit on the internal disruption (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Kofi Annan highlights the economic struggle as central to internal conflicts: The pursuit of diamonds, drugs, timber, concessions and other valuable commodities drives todays internal wars. In some countries the capacity of the State to extract resources from society and to allocate patronage is the prize to be fought over (Annan, 1999, emphasis in original). This creates a globalized war economy in which rivalry between criminal groups occurs over resources or illegal commercial activities (Newman, 2004, p.176). The process of resource capture thus means there is no real desire of victory as groups aim to maintain resource profitability and the power they capture (Newman, 2004, p.176) the state of war is preferred to peace as it provides a cover for illegal economic activities by warlords and non-state actors (Melander et al., 2009, p.511) However, there are a number of academics that criticise Kaldors new wars thesis, arguing that many of the new features of new wars can be found in earlier wars, and that the differences between old and new wars are not as dichotomous as made out and are often exaggerated (Newman, 2004, p.173; Mello, 2010, p.305). This essay agrees with this to an extent a number of the features of new wars that Kaldor outlines in her argument are also present in wars of the past and suggest there is little new about modern warfare in internal conflict situations, as will be outlined in the following section. In terms of empirical evidence for new wars, Newman accepts that civil war have been more frequent than interstate war, but argues that both forms of conflict have decreased since the mid-1990s, with the exception of a spike in intrastate conflict in the early 1990s (2004, p.180). This, as Newman believes, shows there has not been an evolution of new wars in the post-Cold War period, and infact, the probability of country being in conflict is not similar to that at the end of the 1950s (Newman, 2004, p.180). In addition, Melander et al. argue battle severity (the number of deaths in battle) has declined in the post-Cold War era, whilst violence against civilians in civil conflict has also decreased (2009, p.507). Kalyvas explores the features of the new war convention, contrasting them to those of old wars, and concludes there are probably more similarities than differences, and that the new wars thesis is flawed in a number of ways. Firstly, he takes the argument that ideological concerns were the motivations of old wars, claiming that in fact, many wars in the past have involved high levels of looting (such as the Russian and Chinese Revolutions) and that many combatants actually made decisions to fight based on local considerations (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.106-7). Many soldiers are usually stimulated due to group pressures such as comradeship, respect and network ties such as family or friendship ties (Kalyvas, 2001, p.108). This can be seen in Irish Revolution and Civil War, where often the ideology at the centre of the war was rarely discussed amongst combatants and the conflict was based instead on family factions and old feuds (Hart, 1999, pp.264-266). Moreover, the depiction of new wars as lacking any ideological movement can be challenged; many rebel forces of contemporary civil wars have been stigmatised as missing any ideological motivations for combat, but in fact many hold an in-depth understanding of their own participation from a political perspective, as shown in Sierra Leone (Kalyvas, 2001, p.104). The portrayal of contemporary warfare existing through a move from chivalrous fighting to that of barbarity by militia and warlords is unfounded (Newman, 2004, p.181); the use of gratuitous violence can be found in old civil wars such in America, Russia and Spain, whilst the practice of child abduction to create child soldiers may be associated with contemporary Africa, but was common in conflicts in Afghanistan (during the Soviet invasion), Peru, Guatemala and the China (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). The horrific violence and barbarism portrayed in Kaldors new war thesis is also visible in past wars; the deliberate targeting of civilians can be seen in the Mexican Revolution at the start of the 20th Century, whilst World War II represents perhaps the most widespread cases of atrocities in the form of the Holocaust, the German advance into the Soviet Union (with huge civilian displacement) and the Russian advance on Berlin (with numerous cases of rape or sexual brutality) (Newman, 2004, pp.182-3). It is for this reason that Madame de Staà «l remarks that all civil wars are more of less similar in their atrocity, in the upheaval in which they throw men and in the influence they give to violent and tyrannical passions (cited in Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). It is also possible to argue that modern intrastate conflicts do not utilise senseless violence, and that actually the portrayal of violence is defined by culture those in the West find the use machete as more barbaric than mass killings through bombings (Kalyvas, 2001, p.115) who is it to say which is the more atrocious and inhumane? Furthermore, Kaldor contends the violence rebel and militia movements use is not as gratuitous as made out, and in fact it is often strategic and selective Kalyvas argues the Algeria massacres, or the tactics used by RENAMO in Mozambique were part of larger strategies, whilst the forced amputation of womens hands in Sierra Leone can be seen as calculated to instil fear (2001, pp.115- 6). This is not to deny the acts as barbaric, but it certainly weakens the depiction of the violence as undisciplined and random. A case study that suggests new wars are not in fact new can be found in the Congo civil war during the 1960s; Newman argues this conflict closely follows the new wars model and identifies with several characteristics of Kaldors thesis (2004, p.184). The conflict arose after Belgium withdrew from Congo in June 1960, resulting in a political crisis as the centralised government broke down and disorder erupted. The Katanga province, rich in minerals, declared independence from the Congolese state after receiving support from the Belgian mining companies who were protecting their interests and promoting secession in the background (Newman, 2004, p.184). Conflict and struggles against the new leadership of the Republic of Congo was motivated primarily by material aggrandizement, particularly amongst militias and private mercenaries; at the same time, ethnic and religious differences stimulated the violence further, with some fighting orientated around clear political agendas (such as the unitary state against Katangan secession), whilst most fighting revolved around the interests of warlords and local factions (Newman, 2004, p.184). State failure and the breakdown of authority led to social disorder and the emergence of a war economy as mercenaries attempted to perpetuate conflict due to the benefits they gained not only from their employers but also from illegal activities such as arms sales (Newman, 2004, p.184). This case study therefore highlights the presence of new war features during the Cold War period, with state failure and collapse leading to social disorder and conflicting identity groups competing for resources. This suggests that new wars are in fact not new but have always been present; it is instead the emergence from the Cold War era that simply brought these conflicts to the fore and the expansion of media and communications that has led to the reporting of the internal disputes around the globe. The essay will now turn to the question of whether new wars pose more difficult challenges to postconflict reconstruction, and whether new approaches to state rebuilding after internal civil war are required. Although the essay has argued throughout that new wars are not completely new, it has also noted that some characteristics of contemporary intrastate conflict have evolved from those of the past, and there have been some changed in the forms of conflict. It is for these reasons that the post conflict reconstruction process must make a few adaptations in order to assist a states recovery after civil war. As Newman outlines, evolution and advancement in historical, technological and social-economic terms have meant the nature of conflict has also changed (2004, p.185), and therefore the reconstruction process will face some new challenges. In many post-conflict nations, the levels of crime and human rights abuses remain high as warlords and militia remain at large, making use of t heir illegal economies created through civil war the are weaknesses in the reconstruction process that mean identity politics and the new wars rebuilding programmes are not tackled head on (Kaldor, 2006, p.x). At a basic level, post conflict reconstruction must address a wide and complex range of challenges in states ravaged by internal conflict the prevention of future armed conflict, the rebuilding of effective state institutions, recreation of a social fabric, redressing of human rights abuses and the nursing of a health civil society are all central to the reconstruction process (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). The prevention of further armed conflict is particularly important in the case of new wars as it is essential to discourage warlords, militia and other forces from restarting and perpetuating conflict in order to sustain the resource capture that is common in contemporary warfare. This therefore means the war economy that existed during the conflict must be replaced by an effective state economy that has a monopoly of the nations resources and can prevent resource competition from accumulating and resulting in a fresh break out of conflict. Furthermore, the prevention of future confl ict is not simply a matter of removing arms access and taking guns from the combatants, but it is also the establishment of accountably, transparent, and participatory systems of authority (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). In the aftermath of a new war, it is essential for restructuring forces to quickly create a form of state authority that is accountable to the people and is capable of solving the grievances of those involved in the conflict. Kaldor stresses the importance for reconstruction to primarily involve the restructuring of political authorities and civil society, in the forms of law and order and the mobilisation of political groups (2006, p.145). The integration of all identities is also essential in order to remove the binary them and us dichotomy than can threaten to reignite ethnic or religious differences and disputes. The establishment of law and order requires disarmament, demobilisation, policing or training police forces, arresting of war criminals and the re-establishment of the justice system (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). However, it is not that simple; disarmament through buy-back programmes results in the handing back of average or poor weaponry whilst the high-tech arms are held onto (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). Furthermore, as new wars are essentially a combination of war and criminality, law enforcement must involve both soldiers and police in order to provide adequate security and authority. Infrastructure s uch as basic services, transport and production needs to be restored at both regional and local levels in order to re-establish the economy and reduce the need to humanitarian aid (Kaldor, 2006, p.147). Humanitarian assistance also needs to become more targeted in order to remove war economies and their siphoning of aid, and also to prevent over-reliance on aid that means the economy cannot be rebuilt. For instance, in Somalia, food provisions were high and numerous in an attempt to ensure all of those in need actually received the aid; however, this meant food prices in the state fell, creating an environment where it was no longer economically viable for farmers to produce food (Kaldor, 2006, p.144). Another example of aid problems can be seen in El Salvador; here, and IMF stabilisation programme attempted to provide monetary assistance for the country to reconstruct. However, the strict spending limits of the IMF provisions meant the state could not afford to build a civil police force and enact buy-back schemes for disarmament that was required by the peace programme to help reintegrate combatants back into society (Kaldor, 2006, p.143). In this instance, therefore, humanitarian assistance in post conflict reconstruction needs to become more targeted and utilise local knowledge for it to be effective at rebuilding after a new war. This essay has only touched on the surface of the reconstruction process after a new war, providing a basic outline of state rebuilding. However, it explains the need to adapt certain procedures uses in reconstruction of the state after a new war the need to retarget and develop aid provision, the importance of establishing effective authoritarian institutions to enforce security and peace, and the importance of reconstructing state structures that enable grievances to be addressed, civil society to be rebuilt, war economies removed, and the implementation of policies to prevent future state failure and conflict. To conclude then, this essay points to the need for perspective when approaching new wars and post conflict reconstruction each struggle will need its own unique form of reconstruction, and therefore the post conflict rebuilding process is a case-by-case thesis, with no singular set of reformation practices or factors and the presence or lack of certain factors associated with new wars is down to the unique contexts and mitigations of specific conflicts rather than linear historical changes (Newman, 2004, p.180). There has indeed been a decrease in state vs. state conflict commonly associated with the past, whilst globalisation, decolonisation and the following state building, and the resurgence of identity politics have all suggested a shift from warfare of the past and therefore the need to adjust reconstruction policies (Newman, 2004, p.180), and indeed some changes are required. However, it is perhaps more appropriate to highlight the rise and expansion of the media and communic ations as an explanation for the perceived changes in conflict many of the factors Kaldor outlines in her thesis are not in fact new and have been present in past skirmishes it is simply the prominence and attention these conflicts now receive from the media that has resulted in changes of perceptions and ideas of civil wars (Newman, 2004, p.179). The first section of this essay outlined the basis of Kaldors New Wars argument and the factors attributed to contemporary civil war; following this, the essay provided and agreed with the criticisms of the new wars thesis, highlighting the fact than many of the characteristics of new wars are not as new as Kaldor makes out. Finally, the essay contended that contemporary wars do not provide many more difficult challenges for post conflict reconstruction in comparison to old wars, rather small adjustments must be made in order to account for the rise of globalisation and the modern world.

Business Management Study Guide

Sample Test-Chapter 15Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. An organization expands its private Internet to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. private net D. website E. domain 2. Effective communication begins with A. speaking. B. listening. C. the message. D. two people. E. breaking through noise. 3. When you want your reader to take a logical action, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. egative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important. 4. The study of the meaning of words is called A. lexicography. B. rhetoric. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology. 5. Denise and Florence are talking on their cell phones. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an example of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. decoding. D. medium selection. E. noise. 6. A manager needs to communicate about a routine situation with someone she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager use? A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face-to-face meeting E. newsletter 7. Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason then asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver 8. An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees' social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external; informal B. horizontal; informal C. vertical; informal D. vertical; formal E. external; formal 9. Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judging others' messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication. 10. Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90% 11. The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces use of paper C. information overload D. reduced costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork 12. The device that indicates how official communications should be routed is called the A. organization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy. 13. Top executives at XYZ Company want to let lower level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should they communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. send a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. call a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call 14. The introduction to a business speech should A. lways contain at least one joke. B. consist of 20 – 30% of the total speaking time. C. get right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience. 15. A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is said to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating. 16. XYZ Corporation communicates its revised mission statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. orizontal communication. E. informal communication. 17. Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. e-mail D. letters E. videoconferencing 18. The type of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the chain of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal 19. According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. management by wandering around. B. management by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working afield. 20. Do you actually listen when they're talking? This is most likely a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to judge others' messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understanding D. faulty listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices 21. Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they don't know something. D. indicate a lack of certainty about something. E. make apologies. 22. Salvador speaks English as a second language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea. Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver 23. Which of the following is a â€Å"don't† toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look away from the speaker C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation 24. Speed reading works well for material that is A. unfamiliar. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above. 25. A study conducted by AT and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. nterpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity.Sample Test-Chapter 15Key 1. (p. 486) An organization expands its private Internet to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. private net D. website E. domain AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #106 Learning Objective: 4 2. (p. 469) Effective communication begins with A. speaking. B. listening. C. the message. D. two people. E. breaking through noise. Effective communication begins with listening: paying attention to the words being spoken. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #60 Learning Objective: 1 3. (p. 492) When you want your reader to take a logical action, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. negative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important. This is a good strategy when the action you want your reader to take is logical and not highly political. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #121 Learning Objective: 5 4. (p. 75) The study of the meaning of words is called A. lexicography. B. rhetoric. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #80 Learning Objective: 2 5. (p. 471) Denise and Florence are talking on their cell phones. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an example of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. decoding. D. medium selection. E. noise. Feedback is when the receiver (Florence) expresses his or her reaction to the sender's (Denise) message (the phone number). AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #64 Learning Objective: 1 6. (p. 473) A manager needs to communicate about a routine situation with someone she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager use? A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face-to-face meeting E. newsletter Lean media is generally best for routine situations. In order from high to low media richness: face-to-face presence, video-conferences, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. E-mail would be the best media to use since the manager knows the person and the situation is outine. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #71 Learning Objective: 1 7. (p. 475) Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason then asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver A feedback barrier is when the recipient doesn't respond enough. Jason wants Giorgio to repeat the number to be sure he heard it correctly. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #77 Learning Objective: 2 8. p. 484) An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees' social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external; informal B. horizontal; informal C. vertical; informal D. vertical; formal E. external; formal Informal communication channels develop outside the formal structure and do not follow the chain of command. In this case the announcement came from the social committee and was sent to other employees internally outside the formal structure of the company. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #99 Learning Objective: 3 9. (p. 477) Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judging others' messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication. The choices in the question all refer to personal barriers to communication. AACSB: 3 BT: Communication Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #82 Learning Objective: 2 10. (p. 490) Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90% Generally, people comprehend only about 35% of a typical verbal message, experts say. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #115 Learning Objective: 5 11. (p. 486) The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces use of paper C. information overload D. reduced costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #108 Learning Objective: 4 12. (p. 482) The device that indicates how official communications should be routed is called the A. rganization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy. The organizational chart indicates how official communications—memos, letters, reports, announcements—are supposed to be routed. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #94 Learning Objective: 3 13. (p. 473) Top executives at XYZ Company want to let lower level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should they communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. send a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. all a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call This is a nonroutine, unusual event that requires the richest type of communication such as a face-to-face meeting. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #72 Learning Objective: 1 14. (p. 493) The introduction to a business speech should A. always contain at least one joke. B. consist of 20 – 30% of the total speaking time. C. get right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience. Because everything in your speech should be relevant, try to go right to the point. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #124 Learning Objective: 5 15. (p. 480) A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is said to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating. Genderflexing refers to temporarily using communication behaviors typical of the other gender to increase the potential for influence. For example, a female manager might use sports analogies to motivate a group of males. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #92 Learning Objective: 2 16. (p. 483) XYZ Corporation communicates its revised mission statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. horizontal communication. E. informal communication. Downward communication flows from a higher level to a lower level. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #97 Learning Objective: 3 17. (p. 473) Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. -mail D. letters E. videoconferencing In order from high to low media richness: face-to-face presence, video-conferences, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #69 Learning Objective: 1 18. (p. 484) The type of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the chain of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #100 Learning Objective: 3 19. (p. 484) According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. management by wandering around. B. management by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working afield. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #103 Learning Objective: 3 20. (p. 477) Do you actually listen when they're talking? This is most likely a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to judge others' messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understanding D. faulty listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices Faulty listening skills includes thinking about what you are going to say when the other person is talking as well as mostly talking about yourself. The test for this barrier is asking yourself, â€Å"Do you actually listen when they're talking? † AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #83 Learning Objective: 2 21. (p. 480) Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they don't know something. D. indicate a lack of certainty about something. E. make apologies. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #90 Learning Objective: 2 22. (p. 475) Salvador speaks English as a second language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea. Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver An encoding barrier is when the message is not expressed correctly. If English is not your first language, then you may have difficulty expressing exactly what you mean to say. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #76 Learning Objective: 2 23. (p. 80) Which of the following is a â€Å"don't† toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look away from the speaker C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #88 L earning Objective: 2 24. (p. 491) Speed reading works well for material that is A. unfamiliar. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above. Psychologists have found that speed reading or skimming may work well with easy or familiar reading material, but it can lead to problems with dense or unfamiliar material. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #119 Learning Objective: 5 25. (p. 493) A study conducted by AT&T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. interpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity. A study conducted by AT & T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility is how much you enjoy public speaking and how effective you are at it. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #123 Learning Objective: 5

Compare Contrast Essay

It is unfathomable to think about a time when all the knowledge on Earth was ;t a t our fingertips. Even worse is a planet where we can't even reach others in seconds. The inter net allows us to experience the world from the comfort of our homes. As farfetched as a world d without the internet may sound, none of the above existed only ten years ago. Even though h life without internet may seem unimaginable, there are advantages and disadvantages to the life we live today with Internet and life before the internet. One advantage to the internet is the fact that research has become much ease ere.Details, facts, and figures on any topic can be found with a few movements of our Finn errs. The internet has not only made research easier, but it has also allowed more information f mound on the internet as compared to a local library, the main source of information before the intent rent. Also, we can now affirm the accuracy of information by having various different sources. AH though this was possible before the internet, it is much easier to do this with this amazing NV mention. However, there is one major drawback to this luxury we have because of the internet. N Thing online is trustworthy.Even websites that are supposed to be trusted and are supposed to be reliable are not full of reliable information. Even major websites that are run by big companies s are using writing firms to write their websites. These writing firms are simply hiring the cheap SST freelancers to do their work for them. It is true that the Internet has made it easier to find out b Asia facts such as the location of places, but even that information is commonly incorrect (as Go ogle Maps will readily prove). Long gone are days when people would spend hours on end in the library try Eng to figure out the Dewey Decimal System.It is as if we must solve a tricky puzzle just to unlock information. Simply locating information was a hassle and trying to find multi peel so recess to prove a statement was very time consuming. In order to find information, we must decide what information is the most important in a book and summarize this information. Although we have to do this even with information being so easily accessible on the internet, the internet provides useful summaries that assist in figuring out what information is actually imp rattan.Also, it obviously took either a car ride or a walk to get to a local library in order to fin d this information fore the internet. However, this wasn't always possible. Clearly, there were plenty of drawbacks to life before the internet. However, there is one major advantage to researching prior to the advent of the internet. When one found sources at a library, it is definite e that the sources are reliable because books are edited, revised, and backtracked by many differ rent people. One can definitely be more confident that the information in a library is way more reliable than the information on the internet.Another advantage to lif e after internet is the fact that communication has b come simple, easy, and convenient. Social media has allowed for people to remain n contact with their high school friends even after those people are married and have kids. This is beneficial because the more people we know, the more connections we can make, and the easies rite is for us to accomplish our goals. Also, an increased connection with other people allows for people to foster ideas together. For example, when a rare surgery is performed, the surgeon will sometimes broadcast the surgery through a Live Stream or a Google Hangout.If something Eng did go wrong during the surgery, surgeons can easily input their ideas and perhaps help the surgeon. The disadvantage of this is some people use the Internet too much and forgo real life contact. It may now be easier to keep in contact with friends, but it has removed any incentive e to visit those friends. People pay fewer visits to others because of their contact online. Face t offee contact is almost arguably necessary for people to maintain healthy social relationships. Also, the argument that online relationships may not be as strong as real life bonds could be mad e.It is really easy for a supposed friend online to not be who they appear to be. Even though the sees kinds of friends existed before the internet, this kind of fake relationship was unprecedented. Before the internet, people couldn't necessarily keep in touch with as many p people. Previously, the only way to reunite with high school friends was to meet at high h school reunions, which wasn't very convenient. However, the high school relationships that we re fostered were definitely more genuine than online relationships.If one was truly friends wit h someone before the internet came into play, one would put effort into phone calls and face to face visits. The advantage to life before the internet is that people got together more often a ND had to visit each there in order to talk. This fos tered a more friendly environment than a strict y online relationship. This also allowed people to develop social skills in real life and b e able to communicate adequately with others factored. Another advantage to life be fore the internet is that it is much harder for people to be mean in person than online.On social media, it is easy to quickly type a post and click send without feeling any guilt or remorse. However ere, before the internet existed people talked factored, so one could see the reaction of an other when one says something hurtful. This makes people consider if what they are doing is c erect. Lastly, the internet IS advantageous because one can literally see the world an d experience everything from the comfort of our homes. Video software like Y tube allow us to literally feel like we are also experiencing what the video is showing.This is try Lully amazing because people who aren't fortunate enough to travel can see what Also, grog cry shopping and other errands can now be done on the internet. This saves a lot of time and e effort. This convenience truly does make life easier. Life after the internet really doesn't r quire leaving the house. The internet has allowed people who normally wouldn't be able to Lear about and experience this incredible planet we live on to do just those things. It truly is a amazing. However, the drawback to this is that there are less people in the world actually seeing t Hess things.There is no comparison to the real thing and what we see online. It looks as though the same thing is totally distinctive from the other. The advantage to life before the internet is that people were encouraged to g 0 out and see the actual beauty of the world and not on a computer screen. Fewer people w ant to this now because everything that these places offer can is supposedly found on the into rent. Before the internet, people had a truly authentic appreciation for nature and the beauty of our world. It was easy to escape from reality and seek comfort in the vast outdoors.Going outs did was like emptying a bag full of bricks that one is forced to carry around. With the inter net, people are too involved in their technology to realize that the outdoors could perhaps relieve some of the stress that the internet is supposed to relieve. Also, life before the internet was diva montages because people set goals to visit places and do the things that internet simulates today These locations that can now be visited virtually motivated people to excel in their careers an d gain financial security in order to one day visit those places.The disadvantage to this is that less people get to experience the extraordinary Earth and everyone on this planet deserves to s e this beautiful planet. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages for life before and after the I internet are distinctive, but there is no way to pick one lifestyle over the other. It is import ant to exploit the advantages of the internet, but we m ust also remember to not let our lives re love around the internet. Compare Contrast Essay It is unfathomable to think about a time when all the knowledge on Earth was ;t a t our fingertips. Even worse is a planet where we can't even reach others in seconds. The inter net allows us to experience the world from the comfort of our homes. As farfetched as a world d without the internet may sound, none of the above existed only ten years ago. Even though h life without internet may seem unimaginable, there are advantages and disadvantages to the life we live today with Internet and life before the internet. One advantage to the internet is the fact that research has become much ease ere.Details, facts, and figures on any topic can be found with a few movements of our Finn errs. The internet has not only made research easier, but it has also allowed more information f mound on the internet as compared to a local library, the main source of information before the intent rent. Also, we can now affirm the accuracy of information by having various different sources. AH though this was possible before the internet, it is much easier to do this with this amazing NV mention. However, there is one major drawback to this luxury we have because of the internet. N Thing online is trustworthy.Even websites that are supposed to be trusted and are supposed to be reliable are not full of reliable information. Even major websites that are run by big companies s are using writing firms to write their websites. These writing firms are simply hiring the cheap SST freelancers to do their work for them. It is true that the Internet has made it easier to find out b Asia facts such as the location of places, but even that information is commonly incorrect (as Go ogle Maps will readily prove). Long gone are days when people would spend hours on end in the library try Eng to figure out the Dewey Decimal System.It is as if we must solve a tricky puzzle just to unlock information. Simply locating information was a hassle and trying to find multi peel so recess to prove a statement was very time consuming. In order to find information, we must decide what information is the most important in a book and summarize this information. Although we have to do this even with information being so easily accessible on the internet, the internet provides useful summaries that assist in figuring out what information is actually imp rattan.Also, it obviously took either a car ride or a walk to get to a local library in order to fin d this information fore the internet. However, this wasn't always possible. Clearly, there were plenty of drawbacks to life before the internet. However, there is one major advantage to researching prior to the advent of the internet. When one found sources at a library, it is definite e that the sources are reliable because books are edited, revised, and backtracked by many differ rent people. One can definitely be more confident that the information in a library is way more reliable than the information on the internet.Another advantage to lif e after internet is the fact that communication has b come simple, easy, and convenient. Social media has allowed for people to remain n contact with their high school friends even after those people are married and have kids. This is beneficial because the more people we know, the more connections we can make, and the easies rite is for us to accomplish our goals. Also, an increased connection with other people allows for people to foster ideas together. For example, when a rare surgery is performed, the surgeon will sometimes broadcast the surgery through a Live Stream or a Google Hangout.If something Eng did go wrong during the surgery, surgeons can easily input their ideas and perhaps help the surgeon. The disadvantage of this is some people use the Internet too much and forgo real life contact. It may now be easier to keep in contact with friends, but it has removed any incentive e to visit those friends. People pay fewer visits to others because of their contact online. Face t offee contact is almost arguably necessary for people to maintain healthy social relationships. Also, the argument that online relationships may not be as strong as real life bonds could be mad e.It is really easy for a supposed friend online to not be who they appear to be. Even though the sees kinds of friends existed before the internet, this kind of fake relationship was unprecedented. Before the internet, people couldn't necessarily keep in touch with as many p people. Previously, the only way to reunite with high school friends was to meet at high h school reunions, which wasn't very convenient. However, the high school relationships that we re fostered were definitely more genuine than online relationships.If one was truly friends wit h someone before the internet came into play, one would put effort into phone calls and face to face visits. The advantage to life before the internet is that people got together more often a ND had to visit each there in order to talk. This fos tered a more friendly environment than a strict y online relationship. This also allowed people to develop social skills in real life and b e able to communicate adequately with others factored. Another advantage to life be fore the internet is that it is much harder for people to be mean in person than online.On social media, it is easy to quickly type a post and click send without feeling any guilt or remorse. However ere, before the internet existed people talked factored, so one could see the reaction of an other when one says something hurtful. This makes people consider if what they are doing is c erect. Lastly, the internet IS advantageous because one can literally see the world an d experience everything from the comfort of our homes. Video software like Y tube allow us to literally feel like we are also experiencing what the video is showing.This is try Lully amazing because people who aren't fortunate enough to travel can see what Also, grog cry shopping and other errands can now be done on the internet. This saves a lot of time and e effort. This convenience truly does make life easier. Life after the internet really doesn't r quire leaving the house. The internet has allowed people who normally wouldn't be able to Lear about and experience this incredible planet we live on to do just those things. It truly is a amazing. However, the drawback to this is that there are less people in the world actually seeing t Hess things.There is no comparison to the real thing and what we see online. It looks as though the same thing is totally distinctive from the other. The advantage to life before the internet is that people were encouraged to g 0 out and see the actual beauty of the world and not on a computer screen. Fewer people w ant to this now because everything that these places offer can is supposedly found on the into rent. Before the internet, people had a truly authentic appreciation for nature and the beauty of our world. It was easy to escape from reality and seek comfort in the vast outdoors.Going outs did was like emptying a bag full of bricks that one is forced to carry around. With the inter net, people are too involved in their technology to realize that the outdoors could perhaps relieve some of the stress that the internet is supposed to relieve. Also, life before the internet was diva montages because people set goals to visit places and do the things that internet simulates today These locations that can now be visited virtually motivated people to excel in their careers an d gain financial security in order to one day visit those places.The disadvantage to this is that less people get to experience the extraordinary Earth and everyone on this planet deserves to s e this beautiful planet. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages for life before and after the I internet are distinctive, but there is no way to pick one lifestyle over the other. It is import ant to exploit the advantages of the internet, but we m ust also remember to not let our lives re love around the internet. Compare Contrast Essay It is unfathomable to think about a time when all the knowledge on Earth was ;t a t our fingertips. Even worse is a planet where we can't even reach others in seconds. The inter net allows us to experience the world from the comfort of our homes. As farfetched as a world d without the internet may sound, none of the above existed only ten years ago. Even though h life without internet may seem unimaginable, there are advantages and disadvantages to the life we live today with Internet and life before the internet. One advantage to the internet is the fact that research has become much ease ere.Details, facts, and figures on any topic can be found with a few movements of our Finn errs. The internet has not only made research easier, but it has also allowed more information f mound on the internet as compared to a local library, the main source of information before the intent rent. Also, we can now affirm the accuracy of information by having various different sources. AH though this was possible before the internet, it is much easier to do this with this amazing NV mention. However, there is one major drawback to this luxury we have because of the internet. N Thing online is trustworthy.Even websites that are supposed to be trusted and are supposed to be reliable are not full of reliable information. Even major websites that are run by big companies s are using writing firms to write their websites. These writing firms are simply hiring the cheap SST freelancers to do their work for them. It is true that the Internet has made it easier to find out b Asia facts such as the location of places, but even that information is commonly incorrect (as Go ogle Maps will readily prove). Long gone are days when people would spend hours on end in the library try Eng to figure out the Dewey Decimal System.It is as if we must solve a tricky puzzle just to unlock information. Simply locating information was a hassle and trying to find multi peel so recess to prove a statement was very time consuming. In order to find information, we must decide what information is the most important in a book and summarize this information. Although we have to do this even with information being so easily accessible on the internet, the internet provides useful summaries that assist in figuring out what information is actually imp rattan.Also, it obviously took either a car ride or a walk to get to a local library in order to fin d this information fore the internet. However, this wasn't always possible. Clearly, there were plenty of drawbacks to life before the internet. However, there is one major advantage to researching prior to the advent of the internet. When one found sources at a library, it is definite e that the sources are reliable because books are edited, revised, and backtracked by many differ rent people. One can definitely be more confident that the information in a library is way more reliable than the information on the internet.Another advantage to lif e after internet is the fact that communication has b come simple, easy, and convenient. Social media has allowed for people to remain n contact with their high school friends even after those people are married and have kids. This is beneficial because the more people we know, the more connections we can make, and the easies rite is for us to accomplish our goals. Also, an increased connection with other people allows for people to foster ideas together. For example, when a rare surgery is performed, the surgeon will sometimes broadcast the surgery through a Live Stream or a Google Hangout.If something Eng did go wrong during the surgery, surgeons can easily input their ideas and perhaps help the surgeon. The disadvantage of this is some people use the Internet too much and forgo real life contact. It may now be easier to keep in contact with friends, but it has removed any incentive e to visit those friends. People pay fewer visits to others because of their contact online. Face t offee contact is almost arguably necessary for people to maintain healthy social relationships. Also, the argument that online relationships may not be as strong as real life bonds could be mad e.It is really easy for a supposed friend online to not be who they appear to be. Even though the sees kinds of friends existed before the internet, this kind of fake relationship was unprecedented. Before the internet, people couldn't necessarily keep in touch with as many p people. Previously, the only way to reunite with high school friends was to meet at high h school reunions, which wasn't very convenient. However, the high school relationships that we re fostered were definitely more genuine than online relationships.If one was truly friends wit h someone before the internet came into play, one would put effort into phone calls and face to face visits. The advantage to life before the internet is that people got together more often a ND had to visit each there in order to talk. This fos tered a more friendly environment than a strict y online relationship. This also allowed people to develop social skills in real life and b e able to communicate adequately with others factored. Another advantage to life be fore the internet is that it is much harder for people to be mean in person than online.On social media, it is easy to quickly type a post and click send without feeling any guilt or remorse. However ere, before the internet existed people talked factored, so one could see the reaction of an other when one says something hurtful. This makes people consider if what they are doing is c erect. Lastly, the internet IS advantageous because one can literally see the world an d experience everything from the comfort of our homes. Video software like Y tube allow us to literally feel like we are also experiencing what the video is showing.This is try Lully amazing because people who aren't fortunate enough to travel can see what Also, grog cry shopping and other errands can now be done on the internet. This saves a lot of time and e effort. This convenience truly does make life easier. Life after the internet really doesn't r quire leaving the house. The internet has allowed people who normally wouldn't be able to Lear about and experience this incredible planet we live on to do just those things. It truly is a amazing. However, the drawback to this is that there are less people in the world actually seeing t Hess things.There is no comparison to the real thing and what we see online. It looks as though the same thing is totally distinctive from the other. The advantage to life before the internet is that people were encouraged to g 0 out and see the actual beauty of the world and not on a computer screen. Fewer people w ant to this now because everything that these places offer can is supposedly found on the into rent. Before the internet, people had a truly authentic appreciation for nature and the beauty of our world. It was easy to escape from reality and seek comfort in the vast outdoors.Going outs did was like emptying a bag full of bricks that one is forced to carry around. With the inter net, people are too involved in their technology to realize that the outdoors could perhaps relieve some of the stress that the internet is supposed to relieve. Also, life before the internet was diva montages because people set goals to visit places and do the things that internet simulates today These locations that can now be visited virtually motivated people to excel in their careers an d gain financial security in order to one day visit those places.The disadvantage to this is that less people get to experience the extraordinary Earth and everyone on this planet deserves to s e this beautiful planet. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages for life before and after the I internet are distinctive, but there is no way to pick one lifestyle over the other. It is import ant to exploit the advantages of the internet, but we m ust also remember to not let our lives re love around the internet.

05.05 Mixtures and Solutions Essay - 861 Words

05.05 Mixtures and Solutions Background: Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires small quantities of material. Safety: Warnings: * Rubbing alcohol (or isopropyl alcohol) is flammable, so be sure to keep it away from high heat or heat sources. * Keep pigments and solutions away from your eyes, wash your hands carefully after coming in contact with any solutions or pigments, and clean up spills with soap and water immediately after they occur. * This lab can be a little messy, so be sure to work at a kitchen counter or in another area that can be easily wiped down if anything spills.†¦show more content†¦5. Prepare the salt solution by mixing 1/8 teaspoon of salt and three cups of water in a clean pitcher or 2-liter bottle. Stir or shake the solution until it is dissolved. This will produce a 1% salt solution. 6. Pour the salt solution into a clean tall glass so that the liquid level is 1/4 inch (0.5 cm). 7. Tape the strip to a pencil and rest the pencil on top of the jar so that the strip hangs into the jar. The goal is to have the end of the chromatography strip just touching the s urface of the solvent solution, with the colored dots above the surface of the liquid. Make sure that the colored spots do not come in direct contact with the liquid in the bottom of the glass. 1. Capillary action will draw the salt solution up the paper. As it passes through the dots, it will begin to separate the dyes. When the salt water is 1/4 inch (0.5 cm) from the top edge of the paper, remove it from the glass and place it on a clean, flat surface to dry. 2. Repeat steps two through nine (using the second strip of paper and a clean glass) to test the same four colors using the alcohol instead of the saltwater solution at the bottom of the glass. Data: Salt Water | Isopropyl alcohol | Went very far | went not very far | Conclusion: The salt water went further than the Isopropyl. When I placed the paper with the ink in the salt water, it went up to the end of the paper. However with the