Anti-Valentines Day Quotes and Sayings

Against Valentine's Day Quotes and Sayings Love is on special. Check out you on Valentines Day. Each retailer is taking advantage of the Valentines Day bazaar. Kitschy love cards, colossal teddy bears, and generalized heart-molded inflatables fill the air. The main ones snickering, their way to the banks, are the ones who couldn't care less about the warm inclination called love. They just think about cool, hard, money. Appreciate these enemies of Valentines Day idioms and counterfeit the world on Valentines Day. W. Somerset Maugham, A Writers Notebook Love is just a grimy stunt played on us to accomplish continuation of the species. Jay Leno Today is Valentines Day. Or on the other hand, as men like to call it, coercion day. Josã © Ortega y Gasset We begin to look all starry eyed at when our creative mind ventures nonexistent flawlessness upon someone else. At some point, the dream vanishes and with it, love kicks the bucket. Love is eliteness, determination. Bonnie Raitt I cannot make you love me, in the event that you dont. J. Geils Band Love smells. Laurell K. Hamilton Love sucks. Once in a while it feels better. Here and there its simply one more approach to drain. William Shakespeare The course of genuine affection never ran smooth Mother Teresa There is a horrendous strive after adoration. We as a whole encounter that in our lives-the agony, the forlornness. We should have the fearlessness to remember it. Lauren Hammond You, my dear, are an animal of the night, you are a vampire.

Community Health And Public Health Essay Example For Students

Network Health And Public Health Essay In the United States, people group wellbeing field is tied down throughout the entire existence of advancements of general wellbeing techniques and projects helps at lessening hazard factor predominance, diminishing intense and constant infection weight and injury event, and advancing wellbeing (Goodman, Bunnel, Posner, 2014). â€Å"Community Health alludes to the wellbeing status of a characterized gathering of individuals and the activities and conditions, both private and open (administrative), to advance, secure, and protect their health† (McKenzie et al., 2005). Individual wellbeing is about body needs, necessities and constraints with the goal that avoidable wellbeing troubles can be forestalled. Essentially the significant distinction between two are that network wellbeing is about a gathering of individuals and individual wellbeing is worried about individual wellbeing decisions (UBC, n. d.).Community wellbeing relies upon the individual soundness of numerous individuals in the network. Some can likewise characterize network wellbeing as close to home strength of the individuals and ecological administrations that helps in advancing positive soundness of the network. A portion of the network administrations are, arrangement of wellbeing training, safe water flexibly, clinical consideration, and so forth (Tutor Vista, n.d. ). 2) Public wellbeing appraisal can be characterized as assessment of information and data on a general wellbeing topic to survey the effect on general wellbeing. Numerous administration wellbeing organizations leads these appraisals for guaranteeing the security of open. Office for poisonous substances and illness library conducts general wellbeing evaluations to decide the degree of introduction of unsafe substances. The advantages of the general wellbeing evaluation is that it helps in making arrangements for the future wellbeing needs of people in general by creating strategy and other pr. . act†, which is an article of Time.Com, â€Å"Youth cannabis use is related with higher future danger of utilizing different medications, including liquor, tobacco, narcotics, methamphetamine and cocaine. Use by adolescents is additionally connected with diminished school execution and memory hindrances that keep going up to 28 days after use. There is additionally an exhibited connection among's ahead of schedule and overwhelming weed use and the improvement of crazy side effects and disarranges like schizophrenia in adulthood among certain populations.†(Next step network arrangement, 2015).Marijuana has both present moment and long haul impact on human mind, which is one of the most significant piece of human body. Study demonstrated diminished IQ level in individuals who have smoked maryjane for a while. Above all, it makes habit and any enslavement isn't acceptable as it impacts people’s psychological wellness (NIH, 2015).

Psychomotor Retardation in Bipolar Disorder

Psychomotor Retardation in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Depression Print Psychomotor Retardation in Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 09, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on January 09, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Caiaimage / Rafal Rodzoch / Getty Images Experiencing psychomotor retardation feels as if a dial has been turned to put you on slow speed. The resulting effects include sluggish or diminished body movements, usually accompanied by a similar slowing of your thought processes. The physical manifestations vary in scope and severity but are usually obvious to both loved ones and healthcare professionals. Psychomotor retardation occurs commonly during depressive episodes of bipolar disorder as well as major depressive disorder. In these circumstances, the effects are usually temporary and recede as the depression lifts.?? The development of psychomotor retardation does not always signal a depressive episode. Other situations and conditionsâ€"such as drug side effects and certain  medical diseasesâ€"can also trigger reduced or slow physical and mental activity.??   Signs and Symptoms of Psychomotor Retardation People with psychomotor retardation move, speak, react, and usually think more slowly than normal. This can manifest in a variety of ways, largely depending on the severity of the impairment. An affected persons speech is noticeably slow and may be punctuated by long pauses or losing the train of thought. Delayed responsiveness and difficulty following another persons conversation are also common. Complex mental processesâ€"such as calculating a tip or mapping out directionsâ€"take longer to accomplish.?? Common examples of physical manifestations of psychomotor retardation include:   Sluggishness when walking or changing positions, such as getting up from a chairSlumped postureSpeaking in a soft, monotonous voiceStaring into space and reduced eye contactDiminished facility with fine motor tasks, such as writing, using scissors, and tying shoelaces  Impaired ability to perform tasks requiring eye-hand coordination, such as catching a ball, shaving, and applying makeupSlow reaction time, such as when reaching for a falling object A person with severe psychomotor retardation may appear catatonic or nearly catatonic. In this state, the person does not respond to others or the environment and is typically virtually motionless. Catatonia represents a medical emergency, as it can become life-threatening. Causes of Slowed Physical and Mental Activity Several disorders and conditions can cause slowed mental and physical activity. This occurs most frequently in people experiencing a depressive episode due to major depression or bipolar disorder. The degree of physical and mental blunting often correlates to the severity of the depressive episode. Other psychiatric disorders sometimes associated with psychomotor retardation include: Schizophrenia  spectrum disordersOther depressive disorders  Obsessive-compulsive disorderPost-traumatic stress disorderSubstance abuse       Nervous systems diseases and other conditions that might cause blunted or slow physical and mental activity include: DementiaMedication side effects, especially psychiatric medicines  HypothyroidismParkinsons disease  and related conditionsCertain genetic conditions, such as Huntingtons disease Treating Psychomotor Retardation Reviewing current medications is one of the first steps in addressing psychomotor retardation. This is important to determine whether medication side effects might be triggering the physical and mental slowness. Certain anti-anxiety  and antipsychotic medications commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder are possible culprits. If other causes have been ruled out, medication is typically the first line of treatment for people experiencing psychomotor retardation associated with a depressive episode.?? The choice of medication or a combination of medicines is made on an individual basis. Current and past medications and an individuals response to them are important considerations in drug treatment decisions. Common medication options for people with bipolar disorder experiencing a depressive episode include Abilify (aripiprazone), Depakote (valproic acid), Lamictal (lamotrigine), Latuda (lurasidone), lithium, Seroquel (quetiapine), and Zyprexa (olanzapine), among others.??     With severe depression, especially if accompanied by catatonia, loss of touch with reality, or a high risk of suicide, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be an option. While it is one of the fastest ways to treat bipolar depression, ECT is generally undertaken only if other treatment options fail.?? Once the right combination of medications is found, psychotherapy  and other non-medical therapies may be used in addition to medication to support long-term mood stabilization. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Product Design Process - MS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2065 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this report, overall definition of product design process is discussed through analyzing the design process, which Marks and Spencer clothing business unit is employing. I have also thrown light on Performance Objectives of Mark and Spencer which encompass quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost within the product design process. The report demonstrates how in highly unstable and neck to neck competitive business environment of the fashion industry, how rapid access to market and cost reduction approach is essential to survive. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Product Design Process MS" essay for you Create order The report outlines that how MS line up their design process by means of implementing a cost engineering strategy for alleviating waste level and render improvement in their recycling process. Furthermore, this report illustrates that how retailer maintain close relationships with their suppliers and so builds a strong supply chain in order to reduce their manufacturing and material costs and to shorten their access time to market. Furthermore, this report demonstrates how MS meet up the needs of individual target customer groups by offering them order-winning and qualifying factors that are unique for each of their clothing brands. Therefore, the report outlines the criteria which MS considers for identifying their customer segments and their needs regarding the following clothing ranges: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Classicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Autographà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Per unaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the end, it illustrates how each of these clothing ranges are in compliant of a forementioned performance objectives. Any deviation in the performance objectives with those of clothing ranges are explained in the report by means of a polar diagram. The diagram states that the Classic range is of low price but provides higher levels of dependability (read it accessibility) in all their outlets. Autograph and Per una are the products of quality, speed, and dependability. In order to meet the performance objectives, MS has relocated their operations in countries where there is cheap labor available and thus low input jobs. This aids the company manufacture their clothes at lower cost. Moreover, owing to Globalization, the retailer expanded its operations globally to substantiate their profits and thus value-add their customers by the benefits of dependability and speed owing to Mark and Spencerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s abrupt production delivery across countries. Contents 1. The Design Stage Process . 3 2. Research techniques .3 3. Performance Objectives 4 4. Quality function deployment 5 5. Value-Cost Engineering 5 6. Consumer Segmentation5 The Design Process A good design not only conform to customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs but also communicate the purpose of the product to its market, hence help company reap financial reward out of its products. Marks and Spencer is a company which manufacture their own product at their own manufacturing plant in order to ensure their product quality and durability. Marks and Spencer needs to know about:- CONCEPT; the value of its clothing ranges PACKAGE; products which provide the benefits defined in the concept PROCESS; way products will be manufactured The design stage process is a process which involves following main components:- Transformed resources Technical information Market research Time management Transforming resources: Testing Facilities Staffing Why Marks and Spencer needed Design Stage process? Because while manufacturing their products they need to ensure quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and low cost in order to give their customers a product they want. The transformed resources at Marks and Spencer have undergone vast change because of unstable fashion industry. In order to manufacture competitive products at Marks and Spencer, they need to meet up their performance objectives hence manufacture their products in cognizance of them. Research Techniques Primary Research techniques like Customer Feedback are what, Marks and Spencer hold great significance about. In MS, customers are being provided with enormous number of opportunities to leave feedback about their shopping experience. This mean of primary research is of great benefit for MS because in this way, they get aware of how customer think about MS because customers can give anonymous feedback online and may be more inclined to say how their experience really was. The output of product design process can be measured by: Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost During Credit Crunch, occurred at 2010, Marks Spencer introduced a major market-research program to find out how incline in tax and downfall in capital expenditure will effectuate their customers. This fact is a proponent of their sensitivity towards external factors which may affect their sales. Performance Objectives Due to the industry Marks and Spencer are in, they need to care about what is important to their customers. They need to be aware of what their customers need in each range and what they want from their products. Marks and Spencer Customer Service report states Sustainability hold weightage to our customers but they have other priorities too. They want us to make it easier for them to buy more sustainable products and live more sustainably. Performance Objectives Key Performance Indicators Other Qualifiers Old Winners Speed On time delivery/production Deliver products to store/ direct to customers on time Deliver product before expected date Quality Customer satisfaction Provide high quality goods to customers Introduction of better products for customers Cost Cost comparison Competitive industry cost Value for money Dependability/ Reliability Reliability of product/service Ability to meet orders Fulfil all orders without failure Flexibility Design change To produce and sell to customer demand (color) Produce a wide range of products Quality Function Deployment Quality Function Deployment holds great significance to Marks and Spencer because in this way they would get to know about their customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. QFD while looking at customer requirements and implements these requirements into the product design. This is important to Marks and Spencer because they not only need to know what the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs are but also what customers want. This links with section two order winners and qualifiers because they need to constantly thinking about what they can do to their products to make them desirable. Value-Cost Engineering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The purpose of value engineering is to try and mitigate costs, and prevent any unnecessary costs, before producing the product or service.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Marks and Spencer need to get the quality of the products without the standards slipping. This is important because they need to ensure the material which they use is cheaper but still high quality and think of all the design aspects to the product. When Marks and Spencer consider reducing their costs they must not take away what the customer wants otherwise their products will not sell. This is important with the Classic range because they need to produce products which are for older women and so they need to be easy access and simple designs. This is good for Marks and Spencer because they can keep costs low due to the basic design meaning they can spend more time and money on ensuring quality. Cost Engineering and Concurrent Engineering strategies Cost reduction process is crucial to organizations because lowering cost leads to a manifold increase in gross profit. Although companies consider production costs prior to launching a new product, costs become even more important when organizations get involved in price-based competitions. The cost engineering is a cost reduction strategy which aims on brushing off unnecessary costs without changing quality and liability of the design For instance, MS has recently started spearheading a new project which aims to reduce waste by means of using the recycled unwanted garment to produce new clothes. This strategy not only leads to cost reduction but also increased operation efficiency. Moreover, MS is constantly forging good relations with their suppliers and are strengthening their supply chain. The company is searching for cheaper material to make new clothes. MS also manufactures clothes in countries where labor cost is low. MS also chooses strategically located suppliers so that they could faster distribute products from manufacturing plan ts to stores to shorten Time to Market and save on shipping costs. MS constantly invests in new technologies which leads to the increased production efficiency and helps the company achieve the aforementioned SPEED objective. It is important to use strategies for product innovation in order to reduce Time to Market. Due to frequently changing fashion trends, it is crucial to reduce Time to Market and so the clothing retailers must be able to react to the changing market needs rapidly, effectively and responsibly. Therefore, the concurrent engineering strategy offers rapid solutions to product design and development process. This type of strategy aims to achieve the optimization and distribution of a firms resources in the design and development process to ensure effective and efficient product development process. Costumer Segmentation It refers to classification of groups of individuals based on the chosen criteria relevant to an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing activities and so encompass characteristics like customer age, gender, interests, spending and purchase habits. Therefore, in order to sustain intensive competition in the market, organizations ought to conduct a massive market research to capture shifts in their customer needs and preferences. Moreover, companies must attend to socio-cultural changes by developing new products and improving existing products that will satisfy newly emerged customer requirements. MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s three most popular clothing lines Classic, Autograph and Per una are uniquely positioned to adapt to the key operational marketing factors, such as customer segments and their individual needs, quality, design and price, as well as order-winning and qualifying factors. Each of above clothing lines shares several unique characteristics, such as price, quality and design, which satisfy individual needs of different MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s customer segments. Such customer segmentation allows MS to market their clothes to the specific target audience and thus deploy their marketing tactics more effectively. The Classic clothing line is aimed at core MS customers who are both women and men, aged between 35 and 55. The Classic collectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design is defined through simple and basic clothing, such as sweaters, jeans, white shirts and plains. This clothing line delivers convenience to their customers as the clothes are machine washable, non-iron and tumble-dry friendly. Therefore, such the clothes reflect the target customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s busy lifestyle. Moreover, this clothing range caters to those who look for decent quality and affordable price and therefore appreciate good value for money. The design for this clothing range is timeless and that means that design does not need to be constantly reinvented. Autograph is a seas onal clothing range which brings about spring and summer collections for men and women. It offers formal wear and elegant clothing for upper middle class customers that value luxury upmarket goods and are willing to pay a premium price. This clothing line represents the work of MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best designers and therefore the clothes are offered at high street prices and are available on selected boutique stores. The purpose of the Autograph clothing line is to bring a cutting-edge design to a wider audience. This clothing range also reflects unique and dynamic seasonal trends and therefore requires adapting to constantly changing socio-cultural environment. Per una is Mark and Spencerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most expensive clothing range if compared with Classic and Autograph clothing lines. Per una clothing line aims to design clothes based on the latest fashion trends and then position the clothes as premium and exclusive. Per una offers the highest quality clothing material and very limited editions. This clothing range captures the target audience of wealthy fashion-conscious women, aged between 25 and 35. The target customer prefers unique and trendy clothes that reflect their high social status and help them stand out from the crowd. A firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive advantage is determined by distinguishing two competitive order-winning and qualifying factors. Order winning factors are those characteristics which directly and significantly contribute to winning business. They are considered by customers as major reasons for getting the products or service: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raising performance in an order winning factor will either result in more business or improve the chances of gaining more businesses. The qualifiers can be defined as condition of competitiveness where the operationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance has to be above a specific level to be considered by the customer. For instance, MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Classic range is known for its hi gh reliability and functionality as the clothes does not wear off after multiple washes. This feature is the clothing lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order winning factor. Moreover, its qualifying factor is high quality at a reasonable price. MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Autograph rangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order-winning factors are high quality and clothing based on seasonal trends.

Best Interview Questions to Ask 2019

Anyone who has ever had a job interview knows that the end is near when the interviewer asks if you have any questions. The worst thing to do is to not ask any questions or asking the wrong questions. What are the wrong types of questions to ask? Anything that has to do with salary, vacation or hours is off limits. Those sorts of questions make you appear self-serving and lazy. But were here to talk about the best interview questions to ask. The following questions will make you stand out from the rest of the pack. They will also provide valuable insight into the position and organization. 1. What are the biggest challenges of this position? This question shows that you understand that no company or job is without its challenges. It also shows that you have given some thought to what it will take to succeed in the job. .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f:active, .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ucfe7ac42937ee5c17b57c799c757e29f:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Criminal Justice Degree Online Could St. Louis Use more Criminal Justice College Graduates2. Whats a typical day or week like in the position? This question shows that you are thinking beyond the interview into what it will be like working in the organization. This will also get the interviewer(s) to think about you working as a member of the organization as well. Many candidates simply think about getting the job without looking into the future. 3. What would a successful first year entail? This shows you are thinking like a leader and manager. It shows that you are interested in being successful and want to know what metrics and benchmarks you will need to hit in order to be a success. You will also make yourself look like someone who is more interested in going above and beyond rather than doing just enough to get by. 4. How long did the previous person hold the position? If no one in the position has stayed very long this may be a red flag. It may signify a difficult manager, unreasonable expectations or some other organizational issue you may not want to get involved in. .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b:active, .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ua8956fe8a1d238c179a2dde6b03f670b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business Administration Management5. What is the company culture? What types of people do well and what types struggle? This will help you assess company fit. You are going to spend the majority of your waking hours working, so it is critical to find an organization in which you can thrive and be happiness. 6. How will the success of the person in the position be measured? This will help you understand what management values. If you get the job, you will know where to focus your efforts. 7. Are there any reservations you have about my fit for the job that I can address? This question shows youve got guts and that you are willing to address any issues. It also gives you the chance to tackle any doubts the interviewers may have. 8. What is the next step? Always end with this question. That way when you are done with the interview you will know what to expect next. .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2:active, .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u70863fd903fb4d2c144960828927a4d2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Earning a Criminal Justice Degree OnlineRelated ArticlesHow to Prepare for an InterviewHow to Handle a Group InterviewTop Internship Mistakes to AvoidBeliefs that are Hurting your CareerNonprofit Organization Jobs Work as a Grant Writer for a Nonprofit AgencyOnline RN to BSN Does Education Make a Better Nurse

Economics †What does overall supply of labour depend upon Free Essays

1.) What does overall supply of labour depend upon? The overall supply of labour is affected in several different ways. First of all, the working population is considered to be in between 16 and 65 years of age. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics – What does overall supply of labour depend upon? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inactive population is therefore those younger than 16 and those over 65 years. If there was a huge baby boom in the foreseeable future then the benefits of this would not be felt until some years later when they would become part of the working population. However, in order that the government can gain maximum tax revenue is if more people are in full time education and higher education with the prospect of working in a high paid job. Initially, this would be quite difficult but it would relieve the pressure placed on by the dependency ratio. Other factors that affect the supply of labour are that the death rate is always decreasing therefore the population is increasing. The current health service is going to be put under even more sustained pressure as the more people get older and live longer. This also adds to the increasing dependency ratio. Many people who immigrate to Britain will then, on the whole, add to the overall supply of labour. Another very important factor is that women are getting married later on in life so that they can pursue a career. Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy 2.) How do you account for the increase in inactive males in recent years? There are many reasons that men become increasingly inactive in recent years. One reason is, in recent years the primary industry has decreased substantially and the tertiary and services sector has grown considerably. Many men were involved in the primary sector such as factory, coal mining, and farming. Over the last few decades those manufacturing industries have slowly reduced and more tertiary and services have been growing. The tertiary and services sector have a tendency to employ more women, possibly because they are more ‘approachable’ than men. One could think of this as sexual discrimination perhaps. Those men who worked in low skilled jobs also found it difficult to adjust to a new job as those low skilled jobs are not readily available. However, the younger male population tend to stay in education additional to compulsory education. 3.) What has been the economic impact of migration both into and out of the British economy over the past 40 years? The impact of migration had many advantages as well as disadvantages. Over the last 40 years migration, in some cases, has severely affected the working population. For example, in the 1960’s and 1970’s many people chose to migrate to another country so the working population would decrease. The cost of the decrease was a net fall in output. More higher qualified professionals e.g. Doctors, Teachers chose to work away from the UK. This may have a bearing on why there is a shocking lack of teachers around today. Anyway, due to this problem, many people from other parts of the world like Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa were persuaded to come and work in the UK. 4.) Why are more women becoming more economically active? More women work and have become economically active because of changes in the law forcing firms to have a certain proportion of women in their company. Equal Pay Legislation and Maternity Provision was at the forefront of gaining equal opportunities. Nowadays, many women do not marry when they are in their early 20’s but they may do after they turn 30. Theoretically, these women would choose not to have a baby as they would then be tied down and cannot pursue their career. Formerly, women tended to be house wives, they used to all the house work but because of technological advances time taken to do all the housework shortened leaving the women nothing to do for the rest of the day. The other reason is that women are more flexable with their work hours, they tended to work more part-time. The demand for women workers has sharply risen with the increase in tertiary and services sector. More employers are looking for women to improve the appearance of the company. 5.) To what degree has changing the nature of employment within U.K. affected participation ratios of men and women? Over the last few decades, due to the decline in manufacturing industries and the incline of tertiary industries we can conclude that there has been extensive. This is because as manufacturing industries declined many men found it difficult to learn new skills as well as employers preferred to train younger people. The ratio’s show this by male inactivity slowly rising as female inactivity fell. How to cite Economics – What does overall supply of labour depend upon?, Papers

Imperialism in Africa Essay Example For Students

Imperialism in Africa Essay When the Age of Imperialism began in 1875, it effected Africa in many ways. Nowhere was the competition for colonies more intense than in Africa. Europeans went after North and South Africa splitting up the continent. Egypt and Sudan were taken over by Britain to obtain the Suez Canal. Imperialism helped to develop Africas economy and turned it into a continent of colonies. Until well into the 1800s Africa was relatively unknown to Europeans. They controlled less than ten percent of the continent. By 1882 Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were all claiming parts of Africa. In 1900, they had divided ninety percent of Africa into colonies. Although European ships had for centuries traded at ports along the coast, they brought back little knowledge of Africas interior. Later Europeans started exploring the continent. The best known of these explorers was David Livingstone. This Scottish missionary spent thirty years in central Africa, and gave Europeans their first detailed information about Africa and its people. In the mid-1800s Africa south of the Sahara contained more than seven hundred different ethnic groups. Most were organized into communities based on ties of tradition and family. Occasionally, a powerful group formed a state that was strong enough to conquer neighboring groups and form an empire. Europeans had already moved into North Africa. The White Man killed my father, My father was proud. The White Man seduced my mother, My mother was beautiful. The White Man burnt my brother Beneath the noonday sun, My brother was strong. His hands red with black blood The White Man turned to me; And in the Conquerors voice said, Boy! A chair, a napkin, a drink. In Southern Africa, there were mineral discoveries in the 1860, 70, and 80s. These discoveries had an enormous impact on Southern Africa. These discoveries lead to a rush of many fortune hunters and the establishment of the town of Kimberly, which grew quickly and soon became the largest urban society in the interior of Southern Africa. Soon the diamond industry was controlled by one monopolistic company. This was one negative effect of imperialism in Africa. While the foreigners were diamond hunting, the African people continued to mine for gold. Soon, though, the diamond industry lost its popularity which an enormous amount of gold was found near present day Johannesburg. Many of the businessmen that had made fortunes in the diamond industry left and established a series of gold-mining companies. Once again the native African people were being taken over by the foreigners. Europeans viewed Africa as a place where there were more jobs as well as investment opportunities doe the middle class, and a place where the lower class was offered higher status, better job opportunities, and a chance to leave life behind and start again fresh. They also believed that the African people were people who needed to be helped so the Europeans went over on various church missions. Rudyard Kiplings poem, White Mans Burden, captures the mentality of the Europeans: Take up the White Mans burden Send out the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile, To serve your captives need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. Not all Europeans felt the need to save the Africans. Cecil Rhodes was a British born imperialist who had established the diamond company that controlled 90 percent of the worlds diamond production. He abided heavily by laissez faire capitalism and British superiority. Although not thinking of the African nation as needing to be changed, he looked at everything a different way. A quote from him explains that he, although not like the others, still believed that African nations were there to be taken over and used for their resources by higher and more superior countries. Africa is still lying ready for us. It is our duty to take it. It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race more of the best the most human, most honorable race the world possesses .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .postImageUrl , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:hover , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:visited , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:active { border:0!important; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:active , .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979 .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fbcc512e1404b6e8473644d186ab979:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The International Accounting Standards Boards Accounting EssayNot only negative came out of the Europeans coming into African and colonizing. It could be argued that it was .

Explain the dramatic significance of act 1 scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet. Essay Example

Explain the dramatic significance of act 1 scene 5 of  Romeo and Juliet.   Essay This scene is very important to the whole play of Romeo and Juliet. Mainly because its where Romeo and Juliet first meet and fall in love, we also see tybalts anger which shows us the obstacles that will become a problem in Romeo and Juliets relationship. In a usual Shakespeare tragedy the main character that is noble of birth has a flow, which brings about their downfalls and death of others. Romeo and Juliet kind of fits in to this, Romeos fault is that he rushes in to things too fast but I dont believe this is the cause of Romeo and Juliets death. I believe other people are responsible for the death of Romeo and Juliet. For example the families of Romeo and Juliet could be both to blame, they should have ended the feud to set a good example to the younger members of the family, if the couple didnt have to hide there relationship there deaths may have been prevented because they wouldnt have had to go to such extreme measures. Some people may blame Mercutio for he left a curse on the both the families as he died. Friar Laurence could also have been to blame for the death, because he didnt get the message to Romeo quick enough about Juliet not actually been dead. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the dramatic significance of act 1 scene 5 of  Romeo and Juliet.   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the dramatic significance of act 1 scene 5 of  Romeo and Juliet.   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the dramatic significance of act 1 scene 5 of  Romeo and Juliet.   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Previous to act 1 scene 5, Romeo was presented by Shakespeare as a sensitive soul and is in love with an older woman called Rosaline. Shakespeare uses the idea of courtly love. This is when a young man falls in love with an older women of higher social class, who is usually married, but as the young man displays his love for her she pushes him away, but this only inflames the love he has for her, this love he has for her only causes him pain and sadness, he makes up verses about this love and the more she pushes him away the more he tries to show her that he is the man for her, he tries to make himself more worthy of the lady, also he can neither eat or sleep for thinking of her. This is what we of Romeo previous to act 1 scene 5, he is in love with Rosaline. We dont actually see Rosaline on stage, she is just a dramatic device to show that the love he has for Juliet is true unlike the love he had for Rosaline that was a false love that only caused him grief and pain. We see the suff ering and sadness that Rosalines love is causing him by the way he describes it. For example he says love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs, this is a metaphor love is suppose to be a happy thing, but smoke is not a way it would normally be described, for the reason that smoke is a negative thing, smoke chokes and kills people, all smoke is caused by fire and fire burns, so what he is in fact saying is that Rosaline is burning his heart. In act 1 scene 5 we see Romeo noticing Juliet and instantly falling in love with her. We can now see that the love he is feeling for Juliet is different to what he felt for Rosaline, it makes him happy and he describes her positively unlike how he described Rosaline. He says, She doth teach the torches to burn brightly to describe Juliet, meaning she stands out from the crowd as she is better that everyone else. We also see Romeo question love he says, did my heart not love till now? suggesting his love for Rosaline was not pure or true, but his love for Juliet is. We dont really hear that much from Juliet previous to act 1 scene 5. We first see her when she is getting ready for the masked party, were she is going to meet Paris the man she has been arranged to marry. We see Juliet doesnt have a particularly good relationship with her mother who always seems to be rushing about. The closest person to Juliet seems to be her nurse, who looks after her. Juliet shows before the masked ball she is ambivalent to meet and marry Paris, shes not too keen on the idea. In act 1 scene 5 we see Juliet and Romeo first meet and both immediately fall in love with each other. Shakespeare uses religious imagery such as holy shrine and good pilgrim, they then share there first kiss, Juliet then invites him to kiss her again by saying then have my lips the sin that they have took, this is going against all the courtly love rules which Romeo had with Rosaline. Since Juliet is younger than Romeo and she invites him instead of giving him the cold shoulder, this shows how strong their love is because they are going against the traditions of society at the time. Later on in this scene they realise they are both from the different feuding families. Juliet finding out Romeo is a Montague does not affect their love and she still wants him, she says to her nurse go ask his name. If he be married, my grave is like to be my wedding bed. This is very ironic because she does die soon after she is married; however even though they are family enemies there love is too pure and strong to be apart. Previous to act 1 scene 5 we see Tybalt in a street brawl between the Capulets and the Montagues, he is a member of the Capulet family cousin to Juliet, and he hates the word peace, and wants to continue the feud. In act 1 scene 5, he wants to start trouble because he feels Romeo is intruding in his home and making a mockery of his family. Tis he, that villain Romeo Tybalt says to his uncle which he then argues with as Tybalt wants to cause trouble at the party but lord Capulet wouldnt let him. As lord Capulet wont have any trouble at the party Tybalt then plans his revenge on Romeo, so Shakespeare makes us realise that Tybalt is very angry and does not like to be made a fool of. This section in the play is very significant to the next scene were Romeo and Juliet meet because it shows us the obstacles which will come between their love and he prepares us for the next scene where Tybalt kills Mercutio and then Tybalt is killed by Romeo creating more problems in their relationship. Shakespeares imagery is very important in his theatre because it was hard to show things on stage because they didnt have technology like we do today, they had no lights, curtains, or effect, plus all the characters were played by men, so instead of doing or showing certain stuff they had to say it. When Romeo first sees Juliet the words he uses are romantic and passionate, for example he says, she doth teach the torches to burn bright, meaning she stands out from the crowd and she is better than everybody else, whereas when he describes Rosaline its not very happy thoughts its all dark, dull and miserable and it seems as if it is causing him pain, we see this in act 1 scene 1. When Romeo and Juliet first meet Shakespeare uses religious imagery such as good pilgrim, I think this is to show that there love is new, fresh, and pure. I think Shakespeare wrote in sonnet form, for their first meeting, because love poetry is sometimes written in sonnet form and this scene is romantic, Sha kespeare wanted the audience to catch the mood and emotions. When Romeo and Juliet first find out they are from feuding families Juliet says too early seen unknown and know too late. This is giving the effect that even though they are from feuding families there love is already too strong and is unbreakable. Shakespeare use lots of different mood in this scene to make it full and exciting but to also keep the reader interested, he uses various emotions such as anger, which with see from Tybalt, love, and excitement from Romeo and Juliet. Zefferelli and Luhrman have different interpretations of this scene. Personally I prefer Luhmans because it is more modern and humorous, for example when Mercutio is sing and dancing, I also think it is more romantic the way they first see each other through the fish tank it is already a barrier between them, also it is straight forward what is going on as I think Zefferelli drags on. Luhrman also shows us how strong the love is already and how they dont want to be apart and they break the rules, we can see all this by the passion shown between Romeo and Juliet, unlike Zefferelli who just shows an innocent kiss. If I was to stage this scene, I would set it in a garden I would have all the men dress in black suits and the ladies in beautiful brightly coloured dresses, I would then have Romeo in a white suit and Juliet in a stunning white gown so we could see them clearly. I would first have Romeo and Juliet see each other as she is stood on a bridge over a lake in the garden peering in to the water and Romeo stood on the grass opposite doing the same they would then see each others reflection in the water and fall in love. Before they meet I would have them chasing each other round the garden through the plants and the trees until they caught each other. This scene is important to the whole, play because it is were Romeo and Juliet first meet and fall in love, then find out they are from enemy families and we see the obstacles that are going to be between them and what they will have to overcome to be together. Shakespeare makes is very obvious that the love is going to end in tragedy by the fact he shows us the obstacles for example, Tybalt wanting to take revenge on Romeo for been at the party. Also he starts the fight with a play so at some point we know there will be a broken heart. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare most popular plays, I believe it does have relevance on todays society, today we see many arranged marriages, mixed race marriages, sometimes causing great distress to the individuals concerned. The 21st century children growing up in a muti race society find it easy to stray from the traditions set down by there families leading to distress for both the young people and there parents. Poverty and deprivation within the inner cities sometimes leads to gang like cultures, which could create the same scenario as Shakespeares plot. The musical west side story brings Shakespeare play set to music back alive, with scene set in America in the 1950s. Shakespeare love and tragedy story brought to life again in the two rival gangs the sharks and the jets ending in tragedy for 2 young lovers.

North American Birch Tree Identification

North American Birch Tree Identification Most everyone has some recognition of the birch tree, a tree with light-colored white, yellow, or grayish bark that often separates into thin papery plates and is characteristically marked with long horizontal  dark raised lines (also known as lenticils). But how can you identify birch trees and their leaves in order to tell different types apart? Characteristics of North American Birch Trees Birch species are generally small- or medium-sized trees or large shrubs, mostly found in northern temperate climates in Asia,  Europe, and North America.  The simple leaves may be toothed or pointed with serrated edges, and the fruit is a small samara- a small seed with papery wings. Many types of birch grow in clumps of two to four closely spaced separate trunks.   All North American birches have double-toothed leaves and are yellow and showy in the fall. Male catkins appear in late summer near the tips of small twigs or long shoots. The female cone-like catkins follow in the spring and bare small winged samaras drop from that mature structure. Birch trees are sometimes confused with beech and alder trees. Alders, from the family  Alnus, are very similar to the birch; the principal distinguishing feature is that alders have catkins that are woody and do not disintegrate in the way that birch catkins do. Birches also have bark that more readily layers into segments; alder bark is fairly smooth and uniform. The confusion with beech trees stems from the fact the beech also has light-colored bark and serrated leaves. But unlike the birch, beeches have smooth bark that often has a skin-like appearance and they tend to grow considerably taller than birches, with thicker trunks and branches.   In the native environment, birches are considered pioneer species, which means that they tend to colonize in open,  grassy areas, such as spaces cleared by forest fire or abandoned farms.  You will often find them in meadowy areas, including meadows where cleared farmland is in the process of reverting to woodlands.   Interestingly, the sweet sap of the birch can be reduced into syrup and was once used as birch beer. The tree is valuable to wildlife species that depend on the catkins and seeds for food, and the trees are an important timber for woodworking and cabinetry. Taxonomy All birches fall into the general plant family of  Betulaceae, which are closely related to the  Fagaceae  family, including beeches and oaks. The various birch species fall into the  Betula  genus, and there are several that are common North American trees in natural environments or used for landscape design purposes. Because in all beech species the leaves and catkins are similar and they all have very much the same foliage color, the main way to distinguish the species is by close examination of the bark.   4  Common Birch Species The four most common birch species in North America are described below.   Paper birch (Betula  papyrifera): Also known as canoe birch, silver birch, or white birch, this is the species more widely recognized as the iconic birch. In its native environment, it can be found in forest borders across the northern and central U.S. Its bark is dark when the tree is young, but quickly develops the characteristic bright white bark that peels so readily in thick layers that it was once used to make bark canoes. The species grows to about 60 feet tall but is relatively short-lived. It is susceptible to borer insects and is no longer used widely in landscape design due to its susceptibility to damage.  River birch (Betula nigra): Sometimes called black birch, this species has a much darker trunk than the paper birch, but still has the characteristic flaky surface. In its native environment, it is common to the eastern third of the U.S. Its trunk has a much rougher, coarser appearance than most of the other birches, and it is bigger than the paper birch, sometimes growing to 80 feet or more. It prefers moist soil, and although short-lived, it is relatively immune to most diseases. It is a common  choice in residential landscape design.   Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis): This tree is native to forests of the northeast U.S. and is also known as the swamp birch due to the fact that it is often found in marshy areas. It is the largest of the birches, easily growing to 100 feet in height.  It has silvery-yellow bark that peels in very thin layers. Its bark does not have the thick layers seen in paper birches nor the very rough texture seen in river birches.  Sweet birch (Betula lenta): This species, also known in some areas as the cherry birch, is native to the eastern U.S., especially the Appalachian region. Growing to 80 feet, its bark is dark in color, but unlike the dark river birch, the skin is relatively tight and smooth, with deep vertical scores. From a distance, the impression is of a smooth, silver bark marked by irregular vertical black lines.

Corporate Finance (see questions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Finance (see questions) - Essay Example Bergen (2004) noted about the important debate among stock market investors is whether the market is efficient. Market efficiency here means that all the information are made available to market participants at any given time. Hence the announcement of new technology by the company director in the above case as to the influence on stock prices has almost become immaterial. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) theory forwards the idea that all stocks are perfectly priced according to their inherent investment properties, and that the knowledge for decision making are made available to all market participants possess equally. One argument against the theory is on its assumption as in the case of believing that that all investors perceive all available information in precisely the same manner. This could he hard to be believed because there are many methods for analyzing and valuing stocks and these may in a sense pose some problems for the validity of the model. If one person may see undervalued market opportunities, it is equally possible to have another person on the basis of growth potential. In other words, the availability of information may still means different things for difference people. Thus under the case, two investors may come to arrive at a different assessment of the stock’s estimated fair market value. Will this reality therefore not create variability in the result? (Bergen, J. 2004). If this argument is sustained it must also sustained that with or without the EMH theory, the differences in investor’s perception and attitude will still be there. Another criticism of the efficient market hypothesis is that, it implies that there is no single investor that will be ever able to get greater profitability than another with the same amount of invested funds. In other words, there is an assumed equal possession of information means that should make the investors

A critical evaluation of one aspect of contemporary hospitality Essay

A critical evaluation of one aspect of contemporary hospitality management - Essay Example These trends have eventually emerged over the period of six decades where the hospitality industry not only expanded but has also seen immense diversification where it is now a booming economic sector (Jones & Pizam 1993 p. 34). Also, with time, the international hospitality industry is shifting away from the traditional vacationing space and vacuum, towards a more integrated approach to encompass various aspects of hospitality management. Also, with globalization and media exposure, people are more interested in exploring Asian cultural and values predicated by developing states which has further paved way for progress in the hospitality management techniques globally. In addition, where other sectors have also been impacted by global depression and economic shocks, global hospitality industry has only reflected growth pattern where around 25 million people showed interest in travelling in the 1950`s while recent trends show that around 1,035 million people undertook foreign trips i n the year 2012 alone. This explains how the trends have been changed drastically in favor of hospitality industry and thus, investors should definitely make a mark on this shift and funnel resources toward this trend (Bremmer 2013 p. 3). Furthermore, an estimate indicated that out of the foreign travelers, around half of the percentage comprised of those who were travelling for holidays, some kind of leisure activities or recreational activities. Also, around 14% of these tourists reported to have travelled for business transaction purposes, while around 27% of these tourists reportedly travelled for VFR purposes (for visiting their friends or relatives) (Tata 2009, p. 1437-1440). Therefore, the industry shifts should also tilt accordingly, where investors should focus on developing spots aimed at enhancing vacationing experiences of these

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay Civil wars in todays modern world have become increasingly described as new wars ever since the end of the Cold War era due to a perceived change in the format of warfare and the emergence of war economies as central to internal skirmishes. Some scholars argue this evolution in warfare and intrastate conflict requires adjustments and changes to the post conflict reconstruction process due to new challenges new wars creates in comparison to the old wars of the past. This essay argues that there is in fact little evolution in warfare since the end of the Cold War and in fact many of the characteristics of the so-called new wars are in fact present in conflicts in the past. It is for this reason that new wars do not pose more difficult challenges any more than the already complicated problems associated with post conflict reconstruction; although some changes are necessary to adjust the course of development, it is in fact the growth and advancement of media and the communications secto rs that have led to an increased focus on civil wars that has pushed them into the public arena and granted them a new status. The first part of this essay will analyse the new wars thesis posited by Kaldor and outline the characteristics attributed to new wars; this will be followed by the convincing criticisms by many academics that argue new wars are not in fact new and assists the final section of the essay that discusses the post conflict reconstruction process and argues contemporary conflict does not post a more difficult challenge to the post conflict reconstruction process anymore than old wars do. The concept of new wars was first written about in detail by Mary Kaldor at the end of the 1990s, as she attempted to define the characteristics of low-intensity conflicts and distinguish them from traditional state versus state conflicts of the past. Kaldor argues that towards the end of the 20th Century, in particular in the post-Cold War order, a new form of organized violence has emerged, with blurred distinctions between war, organized crime and large-scale human rights violations (2006, pp.1-2). This thesis has gained considerable academic support as scholars notice the trend in the decrease of interstate wars and the increase in violence within states (Holsti, 1996, p.40). New wars are characterised as criminal, depoliticized, private and even predatory in their nature, whilst the old wars of the past were ideological, political and noble (Kalyvas, 2006, p.100). Kaldor thus believes there has been a progression in the nature of warfare and conflict since the Cold War as intern al conflicts become the norm and interstate battles become far less common. Kaldor argues that New wars can be contrasted with earlier wars in terms of their goals, the methods of warfare and how they are financed (2006, p.7); these differences will be outlined in the following section to explain the new features of new wars. The goals of new wars are based on identity politics, especially ethnic identity, rather than ideological differences or geo-political ambitions, and often occur due to the erosion of state autonomy and state failure (Kaldor, 2006, pp.5-7). Groups will claim control of the state or certain areas of the state in the name of ethnicity, religion or tribe (Kaldor, 2005, p.212). The Bosnian conflict during the 1990s is often depicted as the archetypal example of a new war as it displays this identity conflict clearly (Kaldor, 2006, p.33). Due to its ethnic diversity of Muslims, Serbs and Croats (as well as several other ethnic identities), it was no surprise that conflict arose between the groupings as the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats set about ethnic cleansing in an attempt to establish ethnically homogenous territories (Kaldor, 2006, pp.34-5). Furthermore, the attrition of state power means the monopoly over violence is severely limited, which leads to widespread skirmishes and conf licts as groups compete to fill the vacuum created through state collapse (Newman, 2004, p.175). The warring parties in the Bosnian war described themselves as states and made use of the former state apparatus in order to finance, resource and run their campaigns (Kaldor, 2005, p.214). Globalisation has resulted in a cleavage between rich and poor that results in conflict and structural violence (Berdal, 2003, p.479) and also a cleavage between cosmopolitanism and the politics of particularist identities (Kaldor, 2006, p.7). There is a growing them and us divide as identity politics play a more dominant role in how individuals see themselves to each other. This of course increases the inevitability and the probability of conflict among groups of differing identities The form of combat has also changed as guerrilla and counter-insurgency tactics become the norm (Kaldor, 2006, p.8), as the nature of conflict adapts a distinctively politically chaotic and military atrocious character (Snow, 1996, p.105). In the past, guerrilla warfare has aimed to capture hearts and minds of civilians and the population; however, the new warfare uses counterinsurgency methods of destabilisation, aiming to create fear and hatred amongst civilians instead, using this to gain support or at least prevent citizens from disobeying orders (Kalyvas, 2001, p.109). New wars appear to lack military order or discipline (Angstrom, 2005, p.8) which often leads to extreme violence and barbarism, directed in particular at civilians as a deliberate strategy (Mello, 2010, p.299). This strategy of civilian targeting rests in the aim to control populations, inducing destabilization and terror in an attempt to remove those of a different identity through violent and barbaric killings a s well as techniques of intimidation (Kaldor, 2006, p.9). The genocide in Rwanda or the random atrocities committed against civilians in Sarajevo highlight this dark side of new war (Snow, 1996, p.105), and in situations such as Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia, the military objective was the systematic murder and terrorizing of civilian populations (Snow, 1996, p.ix). Civilian casualties and forced displacement has increased in proportion to all causalities in conflict since the 1990s, highlighting this deliberative civilian targeting, further assisted by a blurring of boundaries between civilians and combatants as public authority breaks down as part of state failure (Newman, 2004, p.175). The final feature that distinguishes new wars from old wars is the form of financing that occurs; war economies of the past focused on using resources to defeat the enemy (Broodryk, 2010, p.11), whilst the new wars utilise looting, criminal networks, diasporic support and taxation of humanitarian aid to provide resources for their conflict (Kaldor, 2005, p.216). The simplest form of financing the war effort is through looting, robbery, extortion and hostage-taking and is seen in a number of contemporary wars (Kaldor, 2006, p.108). However, some war economies utilise networks of legal and illegal trade, arms and drug trafficking, corrupt governments and supportive diasporas that influence the outbreak and perpetuation of violent conflicts (Mello, 2010, p.300). The new war economies involve the fragmentation of the state as it cannot monopolise production and employment in order to fund their war cause (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Resources are instead traded outside of the country to private companies lacking any interest in the conflict, only aiming to profit on the internal disruption (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Kofi Annan highlights the economic struggle as central to internal conflicts: The pursuit of diamonds, drugs, timber, concessions and other valuable commodities drives todays internal wars. In some countries the capacity of the State to extract resources from society and to allocate patronage is the prize to be fought over (Annan, 1999, emphasis in original). This creates a globalized war economy in which rivalry between criminal groups occurs over resources or illegal commercial activities (Newman, 2004, p.176). The process of resource capture thus means there is no real desire of victory as groups aim to maintain resource profitability and the power they capture (Newman, 2004, p.176) the state of war is preferred to peace as it provides a cover for illegal economic activities by warlords and non-state actors (Melander et al., 2009, p.511) However, there are a number of academics that criticise Kaldors new wars thesis, arguing that many of the new features of new wars can be found in earlier wars, and that the differences between old and new wars are not as dichotomous as made out and are often exaggerated (Newman, 2004, p.173; Mello, 2010, p.305). This essay agrees with this to an extent a number of the features of new wars that Kaldor outlines in her argument are also present in wars of the past and suggest there is little new about modern warfare in internal conflict situations, as will be outlined in the following section. In terms of empirical evidence for new wars, Newman accepts that civil war have been more frequent than interstate war, but argues that both forms of conflict have decreased since the mid-1990s, with the exception of a spike in intrastate conflict in the early 1990s (2004, p.180). This, as Newman believes, shows there has not been an evolution of new wars in the post-Cold War period, and infact, the probability of country being in conflict is not similar to that at the end of the 1950s (Newman, 2004, p.180). In addition, Melander et al. argue battle severity (the number of deaths in battle) has declined in the post-Cold War era, whilst violence against civilians in civil conflict has also decreased (2009, p.507). Kalyvas explores the features of the new war convention, contrasting them to those of old wars, and concludes there are probably more similarities than differences, and that the new wars thesis is flawed in a number of ways. Firstly, he takes the argument that ideological concerns were the motivations of old wars, claiming that in fact, many wars in the past have involved high levels of looting (such as the Russian and Chinese Revolutions) and that many combatants actually made decisions to fight based on local considerations (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.106-7). Many soldiers are usually stimulated due to group pressures such as comradeship, respect and network ties such as family or friendship ties (Kalyvas, 2001, p.108). This can be seen in Irish Revolution and Civil War, where often the ideology at the centre of the war was rarely discussed amongst combatants and the conflict was based instead on family factions and old feuds (Hart, 1999, pp.264-266). Moreover, the depiction of new wars as lacking any ideological movement can be challenged; many rebel forces of contemporary civil wars have been stigmatised as missing any ideological motivations for combat, but in fact many hold an in-depth understanding of their own participation from a political perspective, as shown in Sierra Leone (Kalyvas, 2001, p.104). The portrayal of contemporary warfare existing through a move from chivalrous fighting to that of barbarity by militia and warlords is unfounded (Newman, 2004, p.181); the use of gratuitous violence can be found in old civil wars such in America, Russia and Spain, whilst the practice of child abduction to create child soldiers may be associated with contemporary Africa, but was common in conflicts in Afghanistan (during the Soviet invasion), Peru, Guatemala and the China (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). The horrific violence and barbarism portrayed in Kaldors new war thesis is also visible in past wars; the deliberate targeting of civilians can be seen in the Mexican Revolution at the start of the 20th Century, whilst World War II represents perhaps the most widespread cases of atrocities in the form of the Holocaust, the German advance into the Soviet Union (with huge civilian displacement) and the Russian advance on Berlin (with numerous cases of rape or sexual brutality) (Newman, 2004, pp.182-3). It is for this reason that Madame de Staà «l remarks that all civil wars are more of less similar in their atrocity, in the upheaval in which they throw men and in the influence they give to violent and tyrannical passions (cited in Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). It is also possible to argue that modern intrastate conflicts do not utilise senseless violence, and that actually the portrayal of violence is defined by culture those in the West find the use machete as more barbaric than mass killings through bombings (Kalyvas, 2001, p.115) who is it to say which is the more atrocious and inhumane? Furthermore, Kaldor contends the violence rebel and militia movements use is not as gratuitous as made out, and in fact it is often strategic and selective Kalyvas argues the Algeria massacres, or the tactics used by RENAMO in Mozambique were part of larger strategies, whilst the forced amputation of womens hands in Sierra Leone can be seen as calculated to instil fear (2001, pp.115- 6). This is not to deny the acts as barbaric, but it certainly weakens the depiction of the violence as undisciplined and random. A case study that suggests new wars are not in fact new can be found in the Congo civil war during the 1960s; Newman argues this conflict closely follows the new wars model and identifies with several characteristics of Kaldors thesis (2004, p.184). The conflict arose after Belgium withdrew from Congo in June 1960, resulting in a political crisis as the centralised government broke down and disorder erupted. The Katanga province, rich in minerals, declared independence from the Congolese state after receiving support from the Belgian mining companies who were protecting their interests and promoting secession in the background (Newman, 2004, p.184). Conflict and struggles against the new leadership of the Republic of Congo was motivated primarily by material aggrandizement, particularly amongst militias and private mercenaries; at the same time, ethnic and religious differences stimulated the violence further, with some fighting orientated around clear political agendas (such as the unitary state against Katangan secession), whilst most fighting revolved around the interests of warlords and local factions (Newman, 2004, p.184). State failure and the breakdown of authority led to social disorder and the emergence of a war economy as mercenaries attempted to perpetuate conflict due to the benefits they gained not only from their employers but also from illegal activities such as arms sales (Newman, 2004, p.184). This case study therefore highlights the presence of new war features during the Cold War period, with state failure and collapse leading to social disorder and conflicting identity groups competing for resources. This suggests that new wars are in fact not new but have always been present; it is instead the emergence from the Cold War era that simply brought these conflicts to the fore and the expansion of media and communications that has led to the reporting of the internal disputes around the globe. The essay will now turn to the question of whether new wars pose more difficult challenges to postconflict reconstruction, and whether new approaches to state rebuilding after internal civil war are required. Although the essay has argued throughout that new wars are not completely new, it has also noted that some characteristics of contemporary intrastate conflict have evolved from those of the past, and there have been some changed in the forms of conflict. It is for these reasons that the post conflict reconstruction process must make a few adaptations in order to assist a states recovery after civil war. As Newman outlines, evolution and advancement in historical, technological and social-economic terms have meant the nature of conflict has also changed (2004, p.185), and therefore the reconstruction process will face some new challenges. In many post-conflict nations, the levels of crime and human rights abuses remain high as warlords and militia remain at large, making use of t heir illegal economies created through civil war the are weaknesses in the reconstruction process that mean identity politics and the new wars rebuilding programmes are not tackled head on (Kaldor, 2006, p.x). At a basic level, post conflict reconstruction must address a wide and complex range of challenges in states ravaged by internal conflict the prevention of future armed conflict, the rebuilding of effective state institutions, recreation of a social fabric, redressing of human rights abuses and the nursing of a health civil society are all central to the reconstruction process (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). The prevention of further armed conflict is particularly important in the case of new wars as it is essential to discourage warlords, militia and other forces from restarting and perpetuating conflict in order to sustain the resource capture that is common in contemporary warfare. This therefore means the war economy that existed during the conflict must be replaced by an effective state economy that has a monopoly of the nations resources and can prevent resource competition from accumulating and resulting in a fresh break out of conflict. Furthermore, the prevention of future confl ict is not simply a matter of removing arms access and taking guns from the combatants, but it is also the establishment of accountably, transparent, and participatory systems of authority (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). In the aftermath of a new war, it is essential for restructuring forces to quickly create a form of state authority that is accountable to the people and is capable of solving the grievances of those involved in the conflict. Kaldor stresses the importance for reconstruction to primarily involve the restructuring of political authorities and civil society, in the forms of law and order and the mobilisation of political groups (2006, p.145). The integration of all identities is also essential in order to remove the binary them and us dichotomy than can threaten to reignite ethnic or religious differences and disputes. The establishment of law and order requires disarmament, demobilisation, policing or training police forces, arresting of war criminals and the re-establishment of the justice system (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). However, it is not that simple; disarmament through buy-back programmes results in the handing back of average or poor weaponry whilst the high-tech arms are held onto (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). Furthermore, as new wars are essentially a combination of war and criminality, law enforcement must involve both soldiers and police in order to provide adequate security and authority. Infrastructure s uch as basic services, transport and production needs to be restored at both regional and local levels in order to re-establish the economy and reduce the need to humanitarian aid (Kaldor, 2006, p.147). Humanitarian assistance also needs to become more targeted in order to remove war economies and their siphoning of aid, and also to prevent over-reliance on aid that means the economy cannot be rebuilt. For instance, in Somalia, food provisions were high and numerous in an attempt to ensure all of those in need actually received the aid; however, this meant food prices in the state fell, creating an environment where it was no longer economically viable for farmers to produce food (Kaldor, 2006, p.144). Another example of aid problems can be seen in El Salvador; here, and IMF stabilisation programme attempted to provide monetary assistance for the country to reconstruct. However, the strict spending limits of the IMF provisions meant the state could not afford to build a civil police force and enact buy-back schemes for disarmament that was required by the peace programme to help reintegrate combatants back into society (Kaldor, 2006, p.143). In this instance, therefore, humanitarian assistance in post conflict reconstruction needs to become more targeted and utilise local knowledge for it to be effective at rebuilding after a new war. This essay has only touched on the surface of the reconstruction process after a new war, providing a basic outline of state rebuilding. However, it explains the need to adapt certain procedures uses in reconstruction of the state after a new war the need to retarget and develop aid provision, the importance of establishing effective authoritarian institutions to enforce security and peace, and the importance of reconstructing state structures that enable grievances to be addressed, civil society to be rebuilt, war economies removed, and the implementation of policies to prevent future state failure and conflict. To conclude then, this essay points to the need for perspective when approaching new wars and post conflict reconstruction each struggle will need its own unique form of reconstruction, and therefore the post conflict rebuilding process is a case-by-case thesis, with no singular set of reformation practices or factors and the presence or lack of certain factors associated with new wars is down to the unique contexts and mitigations of specific conflicts rather than linear historical changes (Newman, 2004, p.180). There has indeed been a decrease in state vs. state conflict commonly associated with the past, whilst globalisation, decolonisation and the following state building, and the resurgence of identity politics have all suggested a shift from warfare of the past and therefore the need to adjust reconstruction policies (Newman, 2004, p.180), and indeed some changes are required. However, it is perhaps more appropriate to highlight the rise and expansion of the media and communic ations as an explanation for the perceived changes in conflict many of the factors Kaldor outlines in her thesis are not in fact new and have been present in past skirmishes it is simply the prominence and attention these conflicts now receive from the media that has resulted in changes of perceptions and ideas of civil wars (Newman, 2004, p.179). The first section of this essay outlined the basis of Kaldors New Wars argument and the factors attributed to contemporary civil war; following this, the essay provided and agreed with the criticisms of the new wars thesis, highlighting the fact than many of the characteristics of new wars are not as new as Kaldor makes out. Finally, the essay contended that contemporary wars do not provide many more difficult challenges for post conflict reconstruction in comparison to old wars, rather small adjustments must be made in order to account for the rise of globalisation and the modern world.

Business Management Study Guide

Sample Test-Chapter 15Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. An organization expands its private Internet to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. private net D. website E. domain 2. Effective communication begins with A. speaking. B. listening. C. the message. D. two people. E. breaking through noise. 3. When you want your reader to take a logical action, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. egative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important. 4. The study of the meaning of words is called A. lexicography. B. rhetoric. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology. 5. Denise and Florence are talking on their cell phones. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an example of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. decoding. D. medium selection. E. noise. 6. A manager needs to communicate about a routine situation with someone she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager use? A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face-to-face meeting E. newsletter 7. Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason then asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver 8. An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees' social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external; informal B. horizontal; informal C. vertical; informal D. vertical; formal E. external; formal 9. Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judging others' messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication. 10. Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90% 11. The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces use of paper C. information overload D. reduced costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork 12. The device that indicates how official communications should be routed is called the A. organization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy. 13. Top executives at XYZ Company want to let lower level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should they communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. send a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. call a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call 14. The introduction to a business speech should A. lways contain at least one joke. B. consist of 20 – 30% of the total speaking time. C. get right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience. 15. A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is said to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating. 16. XYZ Corporation communicates its revised mission statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. orizontal communication. E. informal communication. 17. Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. e-mail D. letters E. videoconferencing 18. The type of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the chain of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal 19. According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. management by wandering around. B. management by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working afield. 20. Do you actually listen when they're talking? This is most likely a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to judge others' messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understanding D. faulty listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices 21. Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they don't know something. D. indicate a lack of certainty about something. E. make apologies. 22. Salvador speaks English as a second language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea. Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver 23. Which of the following is a â€Å"don't† toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look away from the speaker C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation 24. Speed reading works well for material that is A. unfamiliar. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above. 25. A study conducted by AT and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. nterpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity.Sample Test-Chapter 15Key 1. (p. 486) An organization expands its private Internet to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. private net D. website E. domain AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #106 Learning Objective: 4 2. (p. 469) Effective communication begins with A. speaking. B. listening. C. the message. D. two people. E. breaking through noise. Effective communication begins with listening: paying attention to the words being spoken. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #60 Learning Objective: 1 3. (p. 492) When you want your reader to take a logical action, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. negative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important. This is a good strategy when the action you want your reader to take is logical and not highly political. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #121 Learning Objective: 5 4. (p. 75) The study of the meaning of words is called A. lexicography. B. rhetoric. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #80 Learning Objective: 2 5. (p. 471) Denise and Florence are talking on their cell phones. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an example of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. decoding. D. medium selection. E. noise. Feedback is when the receiver (Florence) expresses his or her reaction to the sender's (Denise) message (the phone number). AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #64 Learning Objective: 1 6. (p. 473) A manager needs to communicate about a routine situation with someone she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager use? A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face-to-face meeting E. newsletter Lean media is generally best for routine situations. In order from high to low media richness: face-to-face presence, video-conferences, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. E-mail would be the best media to use since the manager knows the person and the situation is outine. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #71 Learning Objective: 1 7. (p. 475) Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason then asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver A feedback barrier is when the recipient doesn't respond enough. Jason wants Giorgio to repeat the number to be sure he heard it correctly. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #77 Learning Objective: 2 8. p. 484) An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees' social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external; informal B. horizontal; informal C. vertical; informal D. vertical; formal E. external; formal Informal communication channels develop outside the formal structure and do not follow the chain of command. In this case the announcement came from the social committee and was sent to other employees internally outside the formal structure of the company. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #99 Learning Objective: 3 9. (p. 477) Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judging others' messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication. The choices in the question all refer to personal barriers to communication. AACSB: 3 BT: Communication Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #82 Learning Objective: 2 10. (p. 490) Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90% Generally, people comprehend only about 35% of a typical verbal message, experts say. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #115 Learning Objective: 5 11. (p. 486) The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces use of paper C. information overload D. reduced costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #108 Learning Objective: 4 12. (p. 482) The device that indicates how official communications should be routed is called the A. rganization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy. The organizational chart indicates how official communications—memos, letters, reports, announcements—are supposed to be routed. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #94 Learning Objective: 3 13. (p. 473) Top executives at XYZ Company want to let lower level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should they communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. send a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. all a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call This is a nonroutine, unusual event that requires the richest type of communication such as a face-to-face meeting. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #72 Learning Objective: 1 14. (p. 493) The introduction to a business speech should A. always contain at least one joke. B. consist of 20 – 30% of the total speaking time. C. get right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience. Because everything in your speech should be relevant, try to go right to the point. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #124 Learning Objective: 5 15. (p. 480) A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is said to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating. Genderflexing refers to temporarily using communication behaviors typical of the other gender to increase the potential for influence. For example, a female manager might use sports analogies to motivate a group of males. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #92 Learning Objective: 2 16. (p. 483) XYZ Corporation communicates its revised mission statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. horizontal communication. E. informal communication. Downward communication flows from a higher level to a lower level. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #97 Learning Objective: 3 17. (p. 473) Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. -mail D. letters E. videoconferencing In order from high to low media richness: face-to-face presence, video-conferences, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #69 Learning Objective: 1 18. (p. 484) The type of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the chain of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #100 Learning Objective: 3 19. (p. 484) According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. management by wandering around. B. management by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working afield. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #103 Learning Objective: 3 20. (p. 477) Do you actually listen when they're talking? This is most likely a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to judge others' messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understanding D. faulty listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices Faulty listening skills includes thinking about what you are going to say when the other person is talking as well as mostly talking about yourself. The test for this barrier is asking yourself, â€Å"Do you actually listen when they're talking? † AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #83 Learning Objective: 2 21. (p. 480) Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they don't know something. D. indicate a lack of certainty about something. E. make apologies. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #90 Learning Objective: 2 22. (p. 475) Salvador speaks English as a second language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea. Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver An encoding barrier is when the message is not expressed correctly. If English is not your first language, then you may have difficulty expressing exactly what you mean to say. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Hard Kinicki – Chapter 15 #76 Learning Objective: 2 23. (p. 80) Which of the following is a â€Å"don't† toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look away from the speaker C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Kinicki – Chapter 15 #88 L earning Objective: 2 24. (p. 491) Speed reading works well for material that is A. unfamiliar. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above. Psychologists have found that speed reading or skimming may work well with easy or familiar reading material, but it can lead to problems with dense or unfamiliar material. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #119 Learning Objective: 5 25. (p. 493) A study conducted by AT&T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. interpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity. A study conducted by AT & T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility is how much you enjoy public speaking and how effective you are at it. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Kinicki – Chapter 15 #123 Learning Objective: 5